Month: July 2024

Getting to the Bottom of it

Sophia Kormann, NSF REU Intern in the GEMM Lab, St. Olaf College

Hello! My name is Sophia Kormann and I am an NSF REU intern this summer in the GEMM lab being mentored by PI Leigh Torres, Allison Dawn, and Clara Bird. I was introduced in last week’s blog as part of our awesome whale team (deemed “Team Protein”) working out of Port Orford. I am a rising senior at St. Olaf College where I am studying statistics and biology. One of my personal goals for this summer was to get to the bottom of what is next for me. A pretty small task if you ask me… I really want to figure out if research is the route I want to go within the intersection of these two subjects or if something else would be a better fit. When looking into internships I wanted to find something where I could analyze data and see how research works as a career first hand, but not be stuck at a desk all day. I pretty much struck gold with the GEMM lab.

This summer I get to participate in field work that involves ocean kayaking, tracking whales, and identifying zooplankton, while also conducting statistical analysis on data collected from the past two years of this decade-long project. In 2022, the TOPAZ project introduced a new sensor to the data collection procedures, the RBR concerto,which records for dissolved oxygen and temperature readings during a “cast” through the water column. My big task for the summer was to explore how temperature and dissolved oxygen affect zooplankton abundance data that were simultaneously collected via a GoPro during the 2022 and 2023 field seasons. 

Figure 1. Me (!) doing my first zooplankton sampling in our kayak R/V Robustus. 

My project involves modeling zooplankton abundance as a response to temperature and dissolved oxygen. The ultimate goal would be to be able to plug in the dissolved oxygen and temperature to an equation and get back an accurate prediction for the zooplankton abundance, but this is often tricky to do with data that has been collected from the field. I needed to get to the bottom of what causes a change in zooplankton abundance. After a lot of trial and error, I eventually determined that temperature and dissolved oxygen at the lowest depth of each cast has the best relationship with zooplankton abundance along the whole cast, and thus produce the most accurate predictions of zooplankton abundance from the model. I literally had to go to the bottom of the ocean to get to the bottom of the relationship. 

In hindsight, these relationships make a lot of sense for the Port Orford ecosystem. Ask anyone at the field station this summer and we can all tell you that it can be VERY windy here. This abundance of wind mixed with the shallow depths of the system make for very well mixed water, which means that there is little variation in the temperature and dissolved oxygen in the entire water column from the surface to the floor (Kämpf 2017).  The wind here causes an increase of upwelling, which is the process of moving surface water away from the coast and allowing for deeper water to replace it. This upwelling brings cold, nutrient dense water that is low on oxygen to the surface (Bograd 2023). Since this Port Orford ecosystem is so well mixed, the bottom is likely the most stable in terms of temperature and dissolved oxygen (Ni 2016). Therefore, it would make sense that this stability would then lead to a better prediction of zooplankton as it is less affected by other factors that could be affecting the zooplankton abundance such as wind speed, land temperature, turbidity and other variables that we did not take into account while modeling.

Figure 2. Functional response curves produced from a general additive model for zooplankton abundance in response to bottom dissolved oxygen (top left), bottom temperature (top right), and station (bottom).

Table 1. Zooplankton abundance is significantly affected by bottom dissolved oxygen and bottom temperature.

At this point during my summer. I have made a lot of progress in completing the data analysis and I also have made a lot of progress in getting to the bottom of “what’s next?” for me. Thankfully, this effort did not involve going to the bottom of the ocean, although I aced my kayak safety and basic life safety training since being here, so I would definitely be able to self-rescue even if I did end up there. Anyhow, one thing that helped me with this process is that I had the privilege of attending the Decadal Celebration for the TOPAZ/JASPER project. I got the chance to interact with so many people that had been in my exact place as an intern on this project over the last nine years. We discussed gap years, masters programs, and just got to hear about so many different pathways to current roles. There truly is no one “right way” to go from here. 

This internship experience also taught me that I really enjoy sharing what I have discovered in this research. Whether answering the “What are you doing?” questions we get almost everyday from tourists while we are doing cliff work, or creating templates of my code for future researchers to use, or teaching Leigh Torres Gen-Z slang over dinner (ask her what “I’m dead” and “Let him cook” mean… she knows now!), I have found out that I love sharing information with others.

Figure 3. Me teaching the other interns and our new team lead how to analyze the GoPro footage. 

Part of what has drawn me to statistics is the ability to turn a long string of data into an easily digestible graph for the general public. Being a part of this opportunity has allowed me to really figure out my interests and I have discovered a very genuine passion for making sense of the unknown through data analysis. With this experience I know I will be happy with whatever comes next for me as long as there is someone to share results with and a challenging question for me to get to the bottom of.

We have four more weeks of work for this field season which means more time on the ocean and hopefully more time with whales! I am very excited to see what the near future holds for me and what more we will be able to uncover this summer. With our community presentation in front of us, I am excited to share our summer with those in Port Orford. I also get to present my own research in our REU poster symposium. I look back on the almost six weeks that have already flown by with gratefulness for all I’ve already been able to learn and look forward to the next four weeks with excitement for what’s yet to be discovered.

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References 

Bograd, SJ, Jacox, MG, Hazen, EL, Lovecchio, E, Montes, I, Pozo Buil, M, Shannon, LJ, Sydeman, WJ, Rykaczewski, RR (2023) Climate change impacts on eastern boundary upwelling systems. Annual Review of Marine Science 15

Kämpf, J (2017) Wind-driven overturning, mixing and upwelling in shallow water: A nonhydrostatic modeling study. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 5(4), 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse5040047

Ni, X, Huang, D, Zeng, D, Zhang, T, Li, H, & Chen, J (2016) The impact of wind mixing on the variation of bottom dissolved oxygen off the Changjiang Estuary during summer. Journal of Marine Systems, 154, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.11.010 

Giving Ecologists Mega Muscles: Introducing the 2024 Port Orford Gray Whale Foraging Ecology Project Team, “Team Protein”!

Allison Dawn, Master’s alumni, OSU Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab

“Days are long and weeks are short” is the common quip used to describe our field work at the Port Orford Field Station, and given we have already breezed through our first week of the TOPAZ and JASPER projects I can confidently say this feeling has not changed. We have officially entered our 10th consecutive year of these two integrated projects, which provides experiential learning internships to high school and undergraduate students while conducting long-term monitoring of gray whale foraging ecology in this small study region.

To properly celebrate the decade of successful field seasons of TOPAZ/JASPER, the GEMM Lab organized a proper 10-year reunion party. Last Friday, 32 interns, previous team leaders (Florence Sullivan and Lisa Hildebrand), project PI Leigh Torres, and important project collaborators all gathered to share in a bit of nostalgia and laughter as we celebrated the project’s milestone. To get a preview of this “Decadal Celebration”, as well as our journey this summer, be sure to follow @gemm_lab on Instagram! Also keep an eye out for an upcoming blog post dedicated to recapping the celebration.

In addition to honoring the decade-long legacy, this year is also special as I am co-leading “Team Protein” with Celest Sorrentino, incoming GEMM lab Master’s student. Now with four South Coast summers under my belt, I am beyond excited to get to share what I’ve learned with someone equally as passionate about immersive marine science education and mentorship. While I am teaching Celest how to prepare for weather-dependent fieldwork, lead a team of 5, shop on a budget, organize the lab, and more, I am also learning so much from her. I am especially grateful for her bright energy and unwavering positivity, which are skills that can rarely be taught yet have such a powerfully positive influence on the success of a field season. After just a week together I feel there is no one better suited for me to pass on the “GoPro/RBR torch” to and I know she will lead the project successfully into its next chapter.

Figure 1: Allison and Celest, on a particularly windy day, fully packed with gear and groceries, ready and excited to head to the South Coast Outpost!

That said, we still have 5 weeks before the 10th year has officially culminated, and it is my honor and pleasure to introduce you to the team who will be paddling us through this incredible milestone! Before I talk about each individual, I’d like to explain the inspiration behind our team name this year.

Every Port Orford field team gets to choose their team name, and we quickly settled on ours – “Team Protein”! After we spent a few days together, the five of us found we have at least two things in common: we all love exercise and to fuel up on protein. Between quick 2-3 mile evening runs, competitive pushups after dinner, yoga – on top of our kayaking and gear-carrying- and so much baked chicken, we are undoubtedly getting stronger together. 

In addition to this name describing the team well, we also have seen an increase in zooplankton abundance sampled during the first-week than in previous years. Because whale food seems to be prevalent this year, we all agree that this season’s whales will also be on “Team Protein”. We hope that means we will see strong, healthy PCFG whale visitors in the next several weeks!

Figure 2: Logo for “Team Protein”, created by NSF REU Sophia Kormann

So, who exactly are the brains and brawn behind Team Protein? First, we have team leader Allison (me!). I defended my master’s degree in June 2023 and loved the beauty and community of the South Coast so much I decided to stick around for one more adventure-filled year before moving on to begin my doctorate at Clemson University in South Carolina. There I will be implementing all the skills and lessons learned in the GEMM Lab into studying grassland bird habitat using remote sensing technologies. I am thrilled to get another year of leading this incredibly dynamic project, mentoring students, and obviously increasing my muscle mass before I move on from studying (gray) whales to (bobwhite) quails.

Figure 3: Allison stoked on great conditions for our first kayaking sampling training day

Next, we have our co-lead, Celest Sorrentino!

Figure 4: Celest, Allison, and Leigh grabbing a selfie before the awesome Decadal Party!

Name: Celest Sorrentino

School/year: Oregon State University, incoming master’s student 

What interested you in this project/what are you most excited for?

As an older sister of four, teaching and mentoring them has always been something I’ve loved to do and intended to hone my skills in as I pursued higher education. When the opportunity arose during a conversation with Dr. Torres last summer to be able to develop these valuable skills during my masters, I couldn’t be more excited. Now having completed just my first week here in Port Orford, I can totally understand the enamor Allison has shared for this project. I am excited to continue to learn from her as not only a lead for this project, but also from her own mentorship style that is both naturally impactful and unique. 

Our third team member is our NSF REU student Sophia Kormann. Stay tuned for her blog next week on the exciting project that she has been co-mentored by myself, Leigh and Clara.

Figure 5: Sophia enjoying the beautiful moonrise on the cliff site at the Decadal Party.

Name: Sophia Kormann

School/year: rising senior at St. Olaf College

What interested you in this project/what are you most excited for?

I was looking for something within biology research that would allow me to do a lot of analysis but wouldn’t just be sitting at a desk all day. And if you get the chance to whale watch everyday for the summer…you take it. I am the most excited to combine my interests in biology and statistics.

Next we have Eden Van Maren, who I met during a recruitment talk in Brookings. Eden immediately stood out as an enthusiastic and bright student.

Figure 5: Eden’s first zooplankton net sample had more amphipods than Allison had ever seen in the net!

Name: Eden Van Maren

School/year: I am homeschooled doing electives at Brookings-Harbor High School. 

What interested you in this project/what are you most excited for?

I was interested in this opportunity because of the opportunity to do scientific field work while getting to kayak on the ocean. I’m excited to learn about how ocean conditions affect zooplankton and how that impacts whale foraging.

Last but not least, we have Oceana Powers-Schmitz. Oceana is a passionate bookworm and impressive history buff. In addition to taking on this fieldwork internship, she is also teaching herself Algebra 2 in order to test out of taking the class next year.

Figure 6: Oceana finds a red urchin at Nellie’s Cove!

Name: Oceana Powers-Schmitz

School/year: Brookings-Harbor High School

What interested you in this project/what are you most excited for?

Getting actual research/lab experience as well as using it to see what part of science I’m interested in, and to hopefully have a whale-filled summer. 

Well, as a surprise to no one, we’re off to do some yoga. Tune into our Instagram takeover by following @gemm_lab on instagram for more real-time updates from “Team Protein”!

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Burning Krillories – Determining Krill Caloric Content in New Zealand’s South Taranaki Bight

By Nina Mahalingam, University of California Davis, OSU CEOAS REU program

Hello! I’m Nina Mahalingam, a rising junior at the University of California, Davis studying biochemistry and molecular biology. Growing up in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, the Boston Aquarium was practically in my backyard –  and with just one feel of a touch tank, a lifelong affinity for marine sciences began. CEOAS has provided me with a grand opportunity to pursue this passion, and I can’t wait to dip my toes into the salt water!

Figure 1. Nina posing with a Parr Semimicro Calorimeter.

Here at OSU, I’m researching how our tiny friends, the krill, can provide a krill-uminating perspective on trophic ecology and the vitality of marine ecosystems by investigating the caloric content of an understudied species of krill off the coast of New Zealand. Nyctiphanes australis serves as a key prey species to numerous higher trophic levels. Limited knowledge exists regarding the distribution of N. australis in the South Taranaki Bight (STB), with only a handful of studies focused exclusively on the species. The majority of recent information available on the species in the STB came out of research on blue whales and their foraging behaviors (e.g., Barlow et al., 2020). However, given that the spatial distribution of N. australis directly influences the distribution of predator species that depend on them for sustenance (Barlow et. al. 2020), studying the krill may yield a more comprehensive understanding of blue whale behavior as well as ecosystem resilience.

Figure 2. Nyctiphances australis. Photo by A. Slotwinski, CSIRO.

Seawater temperatures around New Zealand have been increasing since 1981 (Sutton & Bowen, 2019), and there is a growing concern about the implications to marine life. In particular, increasing ocean temperatures have had significant impacts on local aquaculture and fisheries (Sutton et al. 2005; Bowen et al. 2017). Although warming trends along the North Island, north of East Cape, have been more severe (around 0.4℃ increase per decade), warming has also been observed in the central and western areas of the STB, averaging around 0.15-0.20℃ increase per decade (Sutton & Bowen, 2019). During Marine Heat Waves (MHWs) (data collected between 2002 and 2018), warming anomalies were observed to decrease phytoplankton presence (Chiswell & Sutton, 2020). Being krill’s primary food source, this suggests a consequent decrease in krill health and reproduction. A recent study on blue whale reproductive patterns in the STB found that whale feeding activity decreased during MHWs, leading to a decline in their reproductive activity during the following breeding season (Barlow et al., 2020). Concurrently, the study observed that there were less krill aggregations and that they were less dense on average (Barlow et al., 2020). This is presumed to be a result of less upwelling nutrients, and therefore poor conditions for krill feeding and reproduction. These findings indicate that the absence of their primary food source, krill, during MHWs can lead to severely negative consequences for the blue whale populations (Barlow et al., 2023).

Anthropogenic activity in the STB, including high vessel traffic, as well as petroleum and mineral exploration and extraction activities, has also been identified as a threat to the local blue whale population (Torres et. al., 2013). Given the cultural significance of the blue whales in this region, there is an urgent need for improved, dynamic management practices in the STB that can be achieved using predictive models to forecast blue whale spatial distribution. Using environmental factors to inform predictive spatial distribution models (SDMs) of blue whales (Redfern et al. 2006, Elith & Leathwick 2009), Barlow et al. (2021) designed a blue whale forecasting tool for managers and decision-makers in New Zealand.

Given the ecological and cultural significance of blue whales and their krill prey in the STB, a Project SAPPHIRE (Synthesis of Acoustics, Physiology, Prey, and Habitat in a Rapidly changing Environment) was developed to examine the impacts of climate change on the health of these crucial species. The overarching goal of Project SAPPHIRE is to measure prey (krill) and predator (blue whales) response to environmental change off the coast of New Zealand. Despite forecasts of high probability of occurrence of blue whales in the STB during the first field season conducted in January-February 2024, both the blue whales and their krill prey were scarce, and it is currently unclear why. My research will focus on examining the calorie content of N. australis in order to advance understanding of how they fulfill the energetic needs of blue whales. Thus, this data can inform future SDMs to forecast impacts of climate change on New Zealand’s marine ecosystem.

Figure 3. Map of SAPPHIRE’s survey effort for 2024. Gray lines represent visual tracking, dotted lines represent aerial tracking. Red dots represent whale sightings and purple stars indicate where two hydrophones were deployed.

This project has already proven tricky – but I’m ready to embrace the challenge. I would like to thank the CEOAS REU program as well as my mentors Kim Bernard, Rachel Kaplan, and Abby Tomita for their continued support. I can’t wait to see what this summer brings!

References

Barlow DR, Klinck H, Ponirakis D, Branch TA, Torres LG. 2023. Environmental conditions and marine heatwaves influence blue whale foraging and reproductive effort. Ecol Evol. 2023;13:e9770.

Barlow D, Kim S. Bernard, Pablo Escobar-Flores, Daniel M. Palacios, Leigh G. 2020. Torres Links in the trophic chain: modeling functional relationships between in situ oceanography, krill, and blue whale distribution under different oceanographic regimes. Marine Ecology Progress Series.

Sutton, P.J.H., & Bowen, M. 2019. Ocean temperature change around New Zealand over the last 36 years. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 53(3), 305–326.

Sutton P.J.H., Bowen M, Roemmich D. 2005. Decadal temperature changes in the Tasman Sea. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 39:1321–1329.

Bowen M, Markham J, Sutton P, Zhang X, Wu Q, Shears N, Fernandez D. 2017. Interannual variability of sea surface temperatures in the Southwest Pacific and the role of ocean dynamics. Journal of Climate.

Stephen M. Chiswell & Philip J. H. Sutton. 2020. Relationships between long-term ocean warming, marine heat waves and primary production in the New Zealand region. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research.

A Summer of Crustacean Investigation

By Matoska Silva, OSU Department of Integrative Biology, CEOAS REU Program

My name is Matoska Silva, and I just finished my first year at Oregon State University studying biology with a focus in ecology. This summer will be my first experience with marine ecology, and I’m eager to dive right in. I’m super excited for the opportunity to research krill due to the huge impacts these tiny organisms have on their surrounding ecosystems. The two weeks I’ve spent in the CEOAS REU so far have been among the most fun and informative of my life, and I can’t wait to see what else the summer has in store for me.

Figure 1. Matoska presents his proposed research to the CEOAS REU program.

I’ve spent most of my life in Oregon, so I was thrilled to learn that my project would focus on krill distribution along the Oregon Coast that I know and love. More specifically, my project focuses on the Northern California Current (NCC, the current found along the Oregon Coast) and the ways that geographic distribution of krill corresponds to climatic conditions in the region. Here is a synopsis of the project:

The NCC system, which spans the west coast of North America from Cape Mendocino, California to southern British Columbia, is notable for seasonal upwelling, a process that brings cool, nutrient-rich water from the ocean depths to the surface. This process provides nutrients for a complex marine food web containing phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, birds, and mammals (Checkley & Barth, 2009). Euphausiids, commonly known as krill, are among the most ecologically important zooplankton groups in the NCC, playing a vital role in the flow of nutrients through the food web (Evans et al., 2022). Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spinifera are the predominant krill species in the NCC, with T. spinifera mainly inhabiting coastal waters and E. pacifica inhabiting a wider range offshore (Brinton, 1962). T. spinifera individuals are typically physically larger than E. pacifica and are generally a higher-energy food source for predators (Fisher et al., 2020). 

Temperature has been previously established as a major factor impacting krill abundance and distribution in the NCC (Phillips et al., 2022). Massive, ecosystem-wide changes in the NCC have been linked to extreme warming brought on by the 2014-2016 marine heatwave (Brodeur et al., 2019). Both dominant krill species have been shown to respond negatively to warming events in the NCC, with anomalous warm temperatures in 2014-2016 being linked to severe declines in E. pacifica biomass and with T. spinifera nearly disappearing from the Oregon Coast (Peterson et al., 2017). Changes in normal seasonal size variation and trends toward smaller size distributions in multiple age groups have been observed in E. pacifica in response to warming in northern California coastal waters (Robertson & Bjorkstedt, 2020). 

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a worldwide climatic pattern that has been linked to warming events and ecosystem disturbances in the California Current System (McGowan et al., 1998). El Niño events of both strong and weak intensity can result in changes in the NCC ecosystem (Fisher et al., 2015). Alterations in the typical zooplankton community accompanying warm water conditions and a decline in phytoplankton have been recorded in the NCC during weak and strong El Niño occurrences (Fisher et al., 2015). A strong El Niño event occurred in 2023 and 2024, with three-month Oceanic Niño Index means reaching above 1.90 from October 2023 to January 2024 (NOAA Climate Prediction Center, https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/oni.ascii.txt).   

Figure 2. A graph of the ONI showing variability across two decades. Retrieved from NOAA at https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-variability-oceanic-nino-index 

While patterns in krill responses to warming have been described from previous years,  the effects of the 2023-2024 El Niño on the spatial distribution of krill off the Oregon coast have not yet been established. As climate models have predicted that strong El Niño events may become more common due to greenhouse warming effects (Cai et al., 2014), continuing efforts to document zooplankton responses to El Niño conditions are vital for understanding how the NCC ecosystem responds to a changing climate. By investigating krill spatial distributions in April 2023, during a period of neutral ENSO conditions following a year of La Niña conditions, and April 2024, during the 2023-2024 El Niño event, we can assess how recent ENSO activity has impacted krill distributions in the NCC. In addition to broader measures of ENSO, we will examine records of localized sea surface temperatures (SST) and measurements of upwelling activity during April 2023 and 2024.

Understanding spatial distribution of krill aggregations is both ecologically and economically relevant, with implications for both marine conservation and management of commercial fisheries. Modeling patterns in the distribution of krill species and their predators has potential to inform marine management decisions to mitigate human impacts on marine mammals like whales (Rockwood et al., 2020). The data used to identify krill distribution were originally collected as part of the Marine Offshore Species Assessments to Inform Clean Energy (MOSAIC) project. The larger MOSAIC initiative centers around monitoring marine mammals and birds in areas identified for possible future development of offshore wind energy infrastructure. The findings of this study could aid in the conservation of krill consumers during the implementation of wind energy expansion projects. Changes in krill spatial distribution are also important for monitoring species that support commercial fisheries. Temperature has been shown to play a role in the overlap in distribution of NCC krill and Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), a commercially valuable fish species in Oregon waters (Phillips et al., 2023). The findings of my project could supplement existing commercial fish abundance surveys by providing ecological insights into factors driving changes in economically important fisheries.

Figure 3. The study area and transect design of the MOSAIC project, during which active acoustic data was collected (MOSAIC Project, https://mmi.oregonstate.edu/marine-mammals-offshore-wind). 

I’m very grateful for the chance to work on a project with such important implications for the future of our Oregon coast ecosystems. My project has a lot of room for additional investigation of climate variables, with limited time being the main constraint on which processes I can explore. There are also unique methodological challenges to address during the project, and I’m ready to do some experimentation to work out solutions. Wherever my project takes me, I know that I will have developed a diverse range of skills and knowledge of krill by the end of the summer.

References

Brinton, E. (1962). The distribution of Pacific euphausiids. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 8(2), 51-270. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6db5n157 

Brodeur, R. D., Auth, T. D., & Phillips, A. J. (2019). Major shifts in pelagic micronekton and macrozooplankton community structure in an upwelling ecosystem related to an unprecedented marine heatwave. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00212 

Cai, W., Borlace, S., Lengaigne, M., van Rensch, P., Collins, M., Vecchi, G., Timmermann, A., Santoso, A., McPhaden, M. J., Wu, L., England, M. H., Wang, G., Guilyardi, E., & Jin, F. F. (2014). Increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events due to greenhouse warming. Nature Climate Change, 4, 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2100 

Checkley, D. M., & Barth, J. A. (2009). Patterns and processes in the California Current System. Progress in Oceanography, 83, 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.028 

Evans, R., Gauthier, S., & Robinson, C. L. K. (2022). Ecological considerations for species distribution modelling of euphausiids in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 79, 518–532. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0481 

Fisher, J. L., Peterson, W. T., & Rykaczewski, R. R. (2015). The impact of El Niño events on the pelagic food chain in the northern California Current. Global Change Biology, 21, 4401–4414. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13054 

Fisher, J. L., Menkel, J., Copeman, L., Shaw, C. T., Feinberg, L. R., & Peterson, W. T. (2020). Comparison of condition metrics and lipid content between Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spinifera in the Northern California Current, USA. Progress in Oceanography, 188, 102417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102417

McGowan, J. A., Cayan, D. R., & Dorman, L. M. (1998). Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in the Northeast Pacific. Science, 281, 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.210 

Phillips, E. M., Chu, D., Gauthier, S., Parker-Stetter, S. L., Shelton, A. O., & Thomas, R. E. (2022). Spatiotemporal variability of Euphausiids in the California Current Ecosystem: Insights from a recently developed time series. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 79,   1312–1326. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsac055 

Phillips, E. M., Malick, M. J., Gauthier, S., Haltuch, M. A., Hunsicker, M. E., Parker‐Stetter, S. L., & Thomas, R. E. (2023). The influence of temperature on Pacific hake co‐occurrence with euphausiids in the California Current Ecosystem. Fisheries Oceanography, 32, 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/fog.12628

Peterson, W. T., Fisher, J. L., Strub, P. T., Du, X., Risien, C., Peterson, J., & Shaw, C. T. (2017). The pelagic ecosystem in the Northern California Current off Oregon during the 2014–2016 warm anomalies within the context of the past 20 years. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(9), 7267–7290. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012952 

Robertson, R. R., & Bjorkstedt, E. P. (2020). Climate-driven variability in Euphausia pacificasize distributions off Northern California. Progress in Oceanography, 188, 102412.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102412

Are You Seeing Scars Too?: Examining Gray Whale Scars and Skin Conditions

By Serina Lane, GEMM Lab NSF REU Intern, Georgia Gwinnett College

Hello, everyone! My name is Serina and I’m a Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Intern at the Hatfield Marine Science Center (HMSC) this summer. I’ve had a love for the ocean for as long as I can remember. Honestly, it started off with just dolphins, but I soon started to realize that the ocean is full of fascinating creatures!

How I ended up here…well, I’ve never been to Oregon, I’m escaping the hot weather of Georgia, but I’m also getting to interact with like-minded marine biologists and experienced individuals at an amazing marine laboratory. At the age of 29, I’m also an older undergraduate student, and I will be graduating soon! I took a very long break from academics and coming back was hard, especially switching from business to biology. I have participated in surveys that asked how I felt about the statement “I am a scientist,” along with the degrees of agree and disagree. For most of my undergraduate career, I picked “slightly disagree”. I was getting great grades, but I did not feel like I was ever going to be able to accomplish the type of work scientific papers are written about. I really felt the need to gain more experience in the career path I intended to follow. All of these are the whirlwind ingredients that went into applying for the HMSC REU Internship at OSU! I’m being mentored by the lovely Natalie Chazal and Leigh Torres, and I am grateful for the opportunity and very excited to experience everything Hatfield has to offer. A little over a week of being here, I already feel my answer sliding from “neutral” to even “slightly agree”. There is still so much to learn!

The project I’m helping with is analyzing the scarring and skin conditions of Eastern North Pacific gray whales alongside the GRANITE team. My job will be analyzing over 100,000 pictures from the past eight years to detect various scars and potential skin conditions (yes, the comma is in the correct spot and no, there are no extra 0’s). Scars can come from a variety of sources such as boat propellers, fishing gear, and killer whales! A study conducted by Corsi et al. consisted of documenting killer whale rake marks (bites, essentially) on different types of whales in the eastern North Pacific. Their results showed that gray whales had the highest percentage of observed rake marks in sighted individuals, and provided insight into why body sections of observed marks are important. Most baleen whales had rake marks predominantly on their flukes, because they are often used for defense and if fleeing, are the closest area to bite. Fascinatingly, Corsi et al. consider that the higher occurrences of gray whale rake marks are due to killer whales adopting species-specific hunting approaches. Gray whales have predictable migratory routes, and we already know how intelligent killer whales can be. If I knew a truck had a specific delivery route and I could wait to intercept a fresh delivery of Krispy Kreme donuts, why wouldn’t I? 

Donuts aside, I’ll also be categorizing where the scars/skin conditions are located – for example, certain regions on the tail (like above) or on their left or right back (often due to boat collisions). Then I’ll define what I believe to be the source of scarring and rate my confidence in that decision based on the photo. Now, not all of the photos are clear enough for me to make informed decisions, so realistically I could end up with only a few hundred usable photos. At the end of the summer, we’ll gather the results and compare the different rates of scarring sources and the body parts where they occurred, and analyze any patterns in skin conditions, such as whether a skin condition has worsened or improved on an individual we have sighted multiple times over the years.

 Figure 1. A little look into a table I made to give examples of what scarring from different sources look like.

Surprisingly, cetaceans can heal deep wounds on their own without medical intervention. Scientists have discovered that compounds in their blubber layer, such as organohalogens and isovaleric acid, may naturally fight off infections and help wounds heal faster. Unlike humans and other terrestrial animals that form scabs when injured, cetaceans develop a different protective layer over their wounds. This layer consists of degenerative cells mixed with tiny bubbles and covers the injured area. This unique adaptation might help protect the wound from seawater and other environmental factors. While there have been studies on how surface wounds heal in captive dolphins and whales, there’s still much to learn about how these animals heal large, deep wounds. Understanding how wounds heal can help us to more accurately assess the frequency at which whales are wounded, whether it be from fishing gear or boats, to cookie cutter sharks or killer whales.

It seems like a lot, and it is, but our ultimate goal is to assess the effects that scarring and skin conditions can have in the ecology of marine megafauna. Assessing the individual gray whales in the photos can provide a bigger picture of the health of a whole population. We can also look for any patterns of skin conditions between mother and calf, individuals that are around each other often, adults and juveniles, or males and females. Scars may also play a role in a population’s health. If a gray whale had an open wound previously, did it develop into a skin condition? Did a skin condition worsen? Did it leave them more vulnerable to predators? These are the questions we would like to elaborate on with this research. A great read on this topic was conducted by Dawn R. Barlow, Acacia L. Pepper and Leigh G. Torres, which will be in the references below (Barlow et al., 2019). A better understanding of potential patterns is a better assessment of our current marine management practices. Is it enough, or do we need to change and do more?

Okay, lastly, let’s talk about artificial intelligence (AI). Would using AI methods for this project make our lives easier? Yes. If we could train AI to accurately identify specific scars and skin conditions, our 100,000 photos could be done within minutes. For my job security, woo no AI! But on a serious note, this approach could free up time that could be spent on other efforts, or speed up the process of assessing marine management. However, we gain so much by reviewing the photos ourselves which is still important to do when training AI on what specifics to search for. Over the summer, I’m going to get to know different whales and see how they may change over 8 years, just by their pictures. My excitement grew as soon as I looked at my first 3 gray whales and learned their names. It’s forever important to remember that we can always learn from sharing connections with the organisms we study and interact with. We share the same planet and we have to work together to preserve it. I thank you all for taking a trip through our summer research with me and I hope to meet some of you around Hatfield!

References

Barlow, D. R., Pepper, A. L., & Torres, L. G. (2019a). Skin deep: An assessment of New Zealand blue whale skin condition. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00757 

Bradford, A. L., Weller, D. W., Ivashchenko, Y. V., Burdin, A. M., & Brownell, Jr, R. L. (2009). Anthropogenic scarring of Western Gray Whales (Eschrichtius robustus). Marine Mammal Science, 25(1), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00253.x 

Corsi, E., Calambokidis, J., Flynn, K. R., & Steiger, G. H. (2021). Killer whale predatory scarring on Mysticetes: A comparison of rake marks among blue, humpback, and gray whales in the eastern North Pacific. Marine Mammal Science, 38(1), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12863 

NOAA. (2020, April 4). Fisheries of the United States. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/sustainable-fisheries/fisheries-united-states

Hamilton, P. K., & Marx, M. K. (2005). Skin lesions on North Atlantic right whales: Categories, prevalence and change in occurrence in the 1990s. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 68, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao068071 

Pettis, H. M., Rolland, R. M., Hamilton, P. K., Brault, S., Knowlton, A. R., & Kraus, S. D. (2004). Visual health assessment of north atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) using photographs. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-207 

Silber, G. K., Weller, D. W., Reeves, R. R., Adams, J. D., & Moore, T. J. (2021). Co-occurrence of gray whales and vessel traffic in the North Pacific Ocean. Endangered Species Research, 44, 177–201. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01093 Sun, L., Engle, C., Kumar, G., & van Senten, J. (2022). Retail market trends for Seafood in the United States. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 54(3), 603–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12919