Tag Archives: plant health

Nursery Knowledge: Plant Hydraulic Physiology – Unlocking Nature’s Water Secrets for Greener Futures

Lloyd Nackley

TL;DR: Plant hydraulics unravels the journey of water within plants, aiding tree health, nursery production, urban forest management, and climate resilience. 🌿🌍

In 2023, we delved into the fascinating world of xylem architecture and how plants move water. In this post, we’ll uncover the secrets of how trees and other woody plants manage water, adapt to challenging conditions, and ultimately contribute to a greener, more sustainable world.

sprinklers watering young trees
Overhead watering in red maple saplings

Real-Life Examples

Understanding plant hydraulic physiology has real-life applications that impact our daily lives. Think about the forests that surround your town or city. These vast woodlands provide us with habitat for wildlife, clean air to breathe and recreational spaces. Knowing how water moves through trees helps us manage and protect these valuable resources. For example, foresters use this knowledge to assess the health of forests and make decisions about when and where to plant new trees. . Additionally, farmers use plant hydraulic physiology in agriculture to develop more resilient crop varieties that can withstand droughts, ensuring a stable food supply. So, the next time you hike in the woods or enjoy a fresh piece of fruit, you’ll know that plant hydraulic physiology plays a crucial role in making it all possible.

Plants water-saving superpowers

Imagine it like this: when the soil dries and the plant begins to get thirsty, it doesn’t just rely on its stem. It has other ways to stay healthy. Think of these ways as a set of superpowers. These superpowers help the plant survive when the soil water is unavailable.

plants in dry soil
Native and naturalized plants are better at managing body water in response to their environment

One of these superpowers is stomatal conductance. It’s like the plant’s ability to open or close tiny valves on its leaves to save water. When water is scarce, it can close these valves to keep as much water as possible. Another superpower is leaf conductivity. This is about how well water moves through the leaves. The plant can control this too. When it’s thirsty, it can slow down the flow of water through its leaves. And then, there’s leaf wilting, which you might have seen before. When a plant wilts, it’s like it’s saying, “I’m really thirsty!” It’s a sign that the plant needs water.

These superpowers don’t all kick in at the same time. First, the plant might adjust its stomatal conductance andits leaf conductivity, before things get serious, and stem conductivity is affected. Scientists have studied these superpowers in different plants. Some scientists have proposed the theory of a plant hydraulic fuse, much like a fuse on a stick of dynamite. The idea behind the plant hydraulic fuse is that plants have a mechanism to prevent catastrophic failure in their water transport system. When faced with extreme water stress, they can cavitate (or burst) segments further from the main stem. Blowing-off the edges to preserve the main trunk. This deliberate disruption helps protect the most vital parts of the plant from experiencing embolisms (blockages) and ensures its survival. They’ve figured out the order in which these superpowers come into action when a plant is thirsty. This information helps us understand how plants deal with water stress.

planted ornamental plants in landscape
Studies help to understand what plant attributes allow for better success in drought conditions

Nursery production and practical applications

For nursery professionals, knowing about these superpowers can be helpful. It’s like having a manual for taking care of plants. By watching for signs of plant water stress, like wilting leaves, or measuring stem conductance, leaf transpiration, and plant water potential, professionals can decide when to water the plants to keep them healthy. In the world of nursery production, where we grow young plants to get them ready for life outside, understanding plant hydraulic physiology can be a real game-changer.

Let’s break it down:

Watering Wisely: Imagine you’re caring for a garden, and you need to water the plants. You could just eyeball it and water them when they look thirsty (like when they start to wilt). But, there’s a smarter way. You can weigh the pots to figure out when they need water based on their weight. It’s like checking the gas tank in your car to know when it’s time for a refill. Even smarter, you can use science to measure how much water the plants need based on how they’re doing on the inside. This way, you don’t have to wait until they’re wilting to know they need water. It’s like having a fitness tracker for your plants!

plants irrigated in a greenhouse
Managing water in a greenhouse is a function of understanding plant physiology while remaining economical

Getting Tough: Plants are like little superheroes. They can learn to handle tough situations, like not having enough water. Just like how training can make athletes stronger, exposing plants to a bit of stress (like less water) in the nursery can help them be more resilient when they’re planted outside.

Finding the Balance: Sometimes, you have to make tough choices when growing plants. If you water them too much, they might get sick. But if you don’t water them enough, they won’t grow well. It’s like finding the right balance between playing in the rain and staying dry.

Environmental impact

Plant hydraulic physiology isn’t just about plants; it’s about our planet’s health too. As we face environmental challenges like climate change, understanding how plants manage water becomes increasingly important. Imagine a world where plants couldn’t adapt to changing water conditions. It could mean more forest fires, reduced crop yields, and even less greenery in our cities. By studying how plants cope with water stress, scientists and conservationists can make informed decisions about preserving ecosystems and mitigating the effects of climate change. This knowledge also guides water-saving practices in agriculture and urban planning, helping us use this precious resource more efficiently and sustainably. So, when we learn about plant hydraulic physiology, we’re not just exploring the inner workings of plants; we’re taking a step towards a healthier planet for everyone.

So, what’s the bottom line? Knowing how water moves in plants can help nursery professionals make smart decisions. It’s like having a playbook for growing strong and healthy plants. And by using science, we can grow better plants while saving water and protecting the environment. It’s a win-win for everyone!

Meet the Team: Joshua Perrault

The Hop from Washington to Oregon

I come from a rural area of the Yakima valley in Washington State. I had the unique privilege of growing up as a part of a family hop farm and was surrounded by agriculture from birth. It may come as no surprise that this led me to pursue a career in agriculture, specifically horticultural plants. Throughout my younger years I spent a lot of my spare time working on my family’s farm and in other agricultural companies around the valley. Once I graduated from high school, I knew that I wanted to further my education, which led me to Washington State University in Pullman, Washington.

fishing from a paddleboard

At WSU I majored in agricultural biotechnology and minored in horticulture. While in Pullman, I also was a part of the Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity which, being a professional as well as social fraternity, connected me with many people from similar backgrounds and with similar interest in agriculture. During my undergrad I was exposed to many subjects, specifically pertaining to plant genetics, molecular biology, and sustainability. I went into my undergrad years with the original intent of going into plant breeding but, throughout my time, my interests did shift. While I still am, and always will be, interested in plant breeding and genetics, I found myself gravitating more to classes involving sustainable production and plant physiology.

During my undergrad, I also held jobs that gave me great experience and helped to shape the direction of my life. While at school, I worked with a professor who was working on technology to improve the sustainability of irrigating wine grapes. This gave me more perspective on how we can, as agriculturists, improve water use and moved my focus closer to sustainable production. I also, starting in 2020, would spend my summers as a lab tech in the tissue culture and genetics lab at Yakima Chief Ranches, a hop breeding and brand management company. This was a young program, and I was presented with many opportunities to assist in the development of protocols and to design experiments of my own. When I graduated from WSU with a B.S. in integrated plant sciences, my experience working with YCR led them to ask if I would oversee the commercial micropropagation of virus and viroid free plants. A request which I gladly accepted.

J Perrault smiles at the camera standing in a greenhouse

I knew when I took the lab management position at YCR, that I wanted to pursue a graduate degree. Because of this, we designed the position as a temporary appointment in which I would essentially create the foundational policies, procedures, and management practices which I could then hand off to those that came after me. This leads me to my search for a graduate program and my decision to go to Oregon State University. I decided to pursue a master’s degree in horticulture with Dr. Lloyd Nackley as my advisor. Having just started, I am still getting my feet under me, but I am very excited to be learning more about the world of nursery production and the physiological responses of plants to stress. Someday I hope to go back to the hop industry and bring new perspectives and ideas with me.

Plant Health: Drones and Drought

Lloyd Nackley

Roots, Shoots, and Sky-High Science and Extension: Our dedicated team has actively engaged in research and extension events this year that offer valuable insights into plant ecology and climate change adaptation.

Field Research: Graduate student Scout Dahms-May led extensive research into how ornamental shrubs respond to drought conditions. Her dedication shone through as she ventured into the field for pre-dawn plant water potential assessments, sharing the experience with hot air balloonists and the local coyotes. Our excellent undergraduate students, along with the new graduate student, Josh Perrault, played a pivotal role in the research by meticulously measuring the leaf area of over 100 plants. Their hard work serves as a testament to the commitment of students pursuing cutting-edge agricultural research.

Extension: Standout events this season included an impressive demonstration of sprayer drones. Visitors had the opportunity to witness these cutting-edge technologies in action, gaining insights into how they can be used in modern agriculture and horticulture.

Another highlight was a grand field day that showcased the spirit of collaboration at NWREC, involving students, staff like Brent Warneke, Dalyn McCauley, and Clint Taylor from the Nackley Lab, as well as guest appearances by experts, including Dr. Rebelo, a visiting scholar from South Africa, and Dr. Wiman, Orchards Program Leader, and Dr. Yang, a Blueberry Extension Specialist. This summer, NWREC demonstrated its position as a hub of research, learning, and community engagement, driven by our shared commitment to advancing the field of plant science.

Nursery Knowledge: Plant Hydraulic Physiology

Lloyd Nackley

Unlocking Nature’s Water Secrets for Greener Futures, Part 1

TL;DR Plant hydraulics unravels the journey of water within plants, aiding tree health, nursery production, urban forest management, and climate resilience. 🌿🌿

Last month, we delved into the fascinating world of soil hydraulics, exploring how water moves beneath our feet. In this post, we’re staying within the realm of water movement but shifting our focus to a different dimension of nature – plants. Prepare to journey through the intricate pathways of plant hydraulic physiology, where we uncover the secrets of how trees and other woody plants manage water, adapt to challenging conditions, and ultimately contribute to a greener, more sustainable
world.


Plant hydraulic physiology is all about how water moves through plants. Scientists study this to understand how trees and other woody plants react when they have enough water or not enough. This knowledge helps us figure out how different ways of growing plants in nurseries affects their growth. People have known for a while that this field is important for plants in forests. But now, thanks to recent discoveries by this lab and others, this amazing field of science is being applied to
nurseries and other horticultural production systems. In this summary, I will explain the basic ideas about how water moves through
plants , how it connects to their structure and how they work. With this knowledge, scientists, nursery workers, and people who care for forests can ensure they grow strong, healthy trees that can handle harsh conditions when planted outside.

UNDERSTANDING WATER MOVEMENT IN PLANTS
Let’s start by talking about how water moves in plants. Imagine it’s like water moving through a hose in your garden. We can measure this flow of water using something called “flow rate,” which is just how much water moves in a certain amount of time.

We use units like gallons per minute or liters per minute to measure it. For example, think about a water hose in your garden. If you want to know how much water it sprays out in a minute, that’s its flow rate. Now, here’s something interesting: the size of the pipe or hose matters. A big hose can let a lot more water flow through than a tiny one. In fact if you double the diameter of a hose it can allow 4 times the flow of the smaller diameter hose. Plants have tiny water pipes called “xylem.”

XYLEM CONDUCTANCE
Okay, now let’s talk about “conductance.” Think of it as how easy or hard it is for water to move through something. For plants, this refers to how easily water can travel through their pipes. We usually keep the pressure the same, like when you use a hose with a constant water pressure. This helps make sure the plants get water evenly. Lastly, there’s something called “conductivity.” It’s like a fancy version of conductance but scaled to the size of different parts of the plant. It helps us compare how different parts of the plant move water. For example, we might want to know how water moves through the stem compared to the roots.

Now, here’s where it gets cool: in plants, water doesn’t get pushed like in your garden hose. It gets pulled up by something called “tension.” This happens because plants lose water from their leaves when it evaporates. Imagine a plant sipping water through a straw from the soil. When the water evaporates from the leaves, it creates tension, like a vacuum pulling water up the plant. This is how water can move up the tallest trees. So, we measure something called “water potential” to understand this tension. It tells us how much “pull” the plant has on the water. When there’s a difference in water potential between different parts of the plant, it’s like a driving force that makes water move from where there’s less pull to where there’s more. This helps water move up from the roots to the leaves, even against gravity. We call this whole process the “Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum,” but you can just think of it as how plants drink water.

And that’s the basics of how water moves in plants!

Meet the Team: Summer Harvest in the Nursery

Regardless of temps in the high 80’s this week – !! – the season is wrapping up in the Nursery Program. We’ve had some notable events in these last few weeks, and we’re deep into planning our Fall/Winter workshops to keep up with the area growers and ever-evolving changes in the industry.

Event Success

Climate-Ready Landscape Plants Field Day 2023 hosted almost 30 volunteer participants in the north plots on the farm to assess the overall hardiness and beauty of ornamental varieties in various levels of drought.

Inspection of plant by 2 persons
Plants were assessed on floral presentation, health and vigor of foliage, and overall appeal.

Even under the threat of record high temperatures, Master Gardeners from all over NW Oregon arrived, as well as industry supporters, to enjoy the beautiful flowers and the misted tents. The OSU Nursery Program is part of a larger study on Climate-Ready Plant Trials throughout the Western US.

two people inspect one of the climate-ready varieties of plants
The ninebark varieties were unanimously considered particularly beautiful.

OTF STEM Teacher Training was led on the NWREC farm by the OTF STEM (On the Farm Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) Facilitators as a part of a larger tour including several farms and programs, including the Horticulture Program at OSU. Dalyn and Lloyd spent time with High School teachers from Oregon and Washington, demonstrating soil moisture sensors – both volumetric and tensiometer informed. In teaching the teachers, our program is better able to explain somewhat difficult material in a manner that makes it accessible at different levels of education and application. For example, Dalyn explained the differences between soil water holding capacity and plant-available field capacity and finding the permanent wilt point- the point at which plants in the soil will wilt, and can’t recover when water is re-supplied.

speaker addresses attendees outdoors
Dalyn discusses ground water and plant stress

Lloyd discussed vapor pressure deficits, or the effect of air temperature in drying plants, in relationship to atmospheric demand and plant responses to drought.

speaker addresses attendees
Lloyd addresses workshop attendees

Says Dalyn, “It’s really good for us and these teachers to meet like this to exchange ideas. Audience work isn’t usually part of a grant in Agriculture, but getting this information into classrooms helps to promote environmental sciences.”

image shows teammates lined up on the gravel pad at the farm
Members of the Nackley Lab posing for a team shot following the OTF STEM event

Drone Applications for Farm and Field kicked off our Smart Spraying seminar series, and was well attended here at the NWREC farm with over 50 participants on a cloudless fall day. NWREC’s Kristie Buckland opened the workshop with current research for uses of drone technology in application for smaller farms, followed by Andrea Sonnen of the ODA presenting on the regulations and requirements for aerial applicator licensing.

classroom full of students watches screen
Kristie Buckland discusses applications for drone use

We were happy to host Timothy King from Ag Drones West as he provided information about the DJI T40 Sprayer System and gave a spectacular show demonstrating both liquid and granular applications in one of our unused fields.

Timothy King explains the Operating System of the DJI T40 Drone Sprayer

This series continues in December with our second workshop titled “The ‘I’ in ‘IPM’: Integrating Approaches to Pest Management”.

Please visit our EVENTS page for information on upcoming workshops!

Meet the Team: Summer Update

The Gravel Pad update you’ve been waiting for, and more!

There’s so much going on in the season of plenty around NWREC! Enjoy this virtual tour of a few projects around the nursery.

Dalyn has been continuing her work with mini-lysimeters that control irrigation in shade trees – these tiny scales weigh the potted plants and use the change in weight as they dry to determine when to turn on the water. The lysimeters are gathering data on plant weight along with an on-site weather station to better understand the relationship between heat and irrigation in gravel pad production. Read more about this project here.

View of gravel pad with potted maple trees
Young red maple trees on the gravel pad are using lysimeters to monitor water loss in conjunction with a dedicated weather station (left).

The Willamette Valley has had a few HOT summers in a row, even though lately this one has been pretty mild. Nevertheless, we haven’t given up on finding solutions for heat mitigation – including growing ornamentals under drought conditions to see which are the most “climate-ready” to meet changing needs. We’ll be asking the public to evaluate those plants in the upcoming Climate-Ready Field Day, come along and see how the plants are progressing (click the link above for more info).

In addition, we’re evaluating different means of mitigating the heat and the resultant high rates of evapotranspiration (basically ways to reduce plant sweat), from misting the young plants to covering tissues with kaolin, introducing fungicides that may be beneficial in managing water loss, using white pots instead of the traditional black, and even growth inhibitors – it’s been a pretty amazing feat to monitor the effects as you can see- check out this monitoring station!

Jaiden, Lloyd and Dalyn at the ET monitoring station with shade trees
Dalyn, Lloyd and summer hire Jaiden show off the monitoring station in the heat stress/evapotranspiration mitigation study.

young flowering shrubs in alternating black and white pots
Does the color of the pot change the heat stress for these water-loving shrubs on the gravel pad?

A small project growing marigolds for festivals and holidays – like Dia de los Muertos – is also underway. Growing the marigolds has certainly brightened up the Nursery Zone at NWREC, and we’ve progressed into evaluating passive means to dry the flowers, saving energy and resources while preserving the gorgeous summer color.

fresh marigolds
Marigold blooms
dried marigolds

There’s even more in the works – stay tuned for information about fall workshops and PACE courses created specifically for nursery and greenhouse production for topics covering drone sprays, integrated pest management, and more.

Meet the Team: WINTER UPDATE

Lloyd Nackley

At the Western Region International Plant Propagators Society (IPPS), the Pacific Northwest Insect Management Conference (PNWIMC), and the Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference (OPDMC) last month, we presented cutting-edge research and advancements in our field. Our presentations at the Western Region IPPS and PNWIMC focused on the latest developments in sensor-controlled irrigation, and flatheaded borer management, respectively.

Dr. Melissa Scherr Presents at the PNWIMC in Portland

At the Orchard Pest and Disease Management Conference, we discussed the latest techniques in IPM for managing powdery mildew with biological fungicides applied by our laser-guided Intelligent Sprayer system. Through our presentations at these conferences, we aim to advance the knowledge and understanding of plant health in our field and to promote collaboration among professionals. By sharing our research and engaging in discussions with our peers, we strive to advance the science of horticultural production to support the growth and success of the horticulture in the Pacific Northwest region.

Grower tour visits the olive grove
The buses meet our Horticulture Team at NWREC

At NWREC, we have been working on our new hydroponic greenhouse project. However, since October we have encountered construction challenges in connecting the natural gas heaters, which has impacted the growth of crops such as lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers. As a result, lettuce growth has been slow and plagued by Botrytis, and warmer-growing crops like tomatoes and cucumbers have fared even worse. We are working to resolve the permitting issues with the heaters as soon as possible and look forward to updating you on the progress of the greenhouse project in the coming year.