In the archival field, enhanced description practices support biographical work. This includes the ongoing News and Communication Services Records (RG 203) biographies project that seeks to further facilitate access and searchability of former faculty, staff, and students through the identification of individuals listed in Series 4 of the collection through the addition of short biographies to the collection’s finding aid. For each individual listed, the series contains biographical documents like resumes, newspaper clippings, and obituaries that include key points about an individual’s life and career. These points are often references to an individual’s positive contributions to society. As a result, the biographical documents, and biographical work these documents support, may overlook harmful causes that an individual supported or actively participated in. 

This is true of Oswald West, who served as the fourteenth governor of Oregon from 1911 to 1915. West did not attend nor work at Oregon State, but West Hall (former women’s residence hall and current Honors College Living-Learning Community) is named after him. RG 203 contains only one document related to West: a pamphlet advertising West Hall upon its construction in 1960. It reads:

Governor West’s single term of office has been called the most colorful in Oregon’s history… he laid plans for the state’s present highway system. He pushed through the farsighted legislation providing for public ownership of Oregon’s 400 miles of ocean beaches. He is responsible for the workmen’s compensation law, funds for caring for homeless children and foundlings, creation of the State Board of Control, and other notable changes. Students of this and future generations who make West Hall their campus home may well be proud to live in a hall named for such a vigorous, courageous, dedicated leader as the Honorable Oswald West.¹

However, in performing routine research outside of SCARC’s collections to write West’s biography, I discovered that he was also a proponent of eugenics law in Oregon. More specifically, he passed Oregon’s first forced sterilization law. 

Forced sterilization allowed physicians to sterilize patients without their consent, rendering the patient infertile. As a whole, sterilization laws were fundamentally Eurocentric and their racist foundations were concerned primarily with improving the white race by preventing the reproduction of individuals lawmakers saw as “unfit” to bear children.² In today’s terms, the victims of forced sterilization laws in the twentieth century included people of color, the mentally and physically disabled, criminals, the impoverished, queer people, and sexually active women. 

Eugenics was amongst West’s primary concerns during his term as governor. In his inaugural message to Oregon’s legislative assembly in 1911, West wrote, “Degenerates and the feeble-minded should not be allowed to reproduce their kind. Society should be protected from this curse.”³ He further wrote, “The State has been shocked by the recent exposures to degenerate practices… These degenerates slink, in all their infamy, through every city, contaminating the young, debauching the innocent, cursing the State.”⁴ West’s proposed solution was the implementation of eugenics laws. “Sterilization and emasculation offer an effective remedy,” he wrote. “I would recommend, therefore, that a statute be enacted making it the duty of our State penal and eleemosynary [adjective: related to charity; charitable] institutions to report all apparent cases of degeneracy to the State Board of Health. It should be made the duty of the said board to cause investigation to be made and, if the findings warrant, to cause such operations to be performed as will give society the protection it deserves.”⁵ West launched a “crusade against vice” in 1912 and thus urged the Oregon legislature to investigate “degeneracy.” ⁶

West was influenced by proponents of eugenics at the time. Bethenia Owens-Adair was a doctor and advocate for forced sterilization in Oregon. She authored and worked with Representative L. G. Lewelling to push a eugenics bill through the Oregon House of Representatives. On February 18, 1913, Governor West signed into law House Bill No. 69. The bill gave “broad powers to the state to sterilize citizens, regardless of the recommendations of medical, religious, and legal authorities.”⁷

The bill was signed into law in part due to the Portland Vice Scandal in 1912, which revealed a subculture for gay men in Portland, Oregon. The scandal “led states throughout the Northwest to strengthen and expand sodomy laws and, in the 1910s and 1920s, to encourage Oregon, Washington, and Idaho to adopt Eugenics programs that prescribed the sterilization of sex offenders.”⁸ By 1913, “sodomy” and the related phrase “crime against nature” in Oregon encompassed a breadth of sexual activity that was not completely defined, but did include oral and anal sexual activity.⁹ By categorizing these activities as sexual offenses, and by association, gay men and lesbian women as sex offenders, they were targeted as criminals. Moreover, the American Psychological Association “considered gender and orientation variance a mental illness in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders” until 1987.¹⁰ Therefore, members of the queer community were also targeted for forced sterilization because the state considered their identity to be a mental illness. 

The 1913 bill went to referendum due to lobbying by the Oregon Anti-Sterilization League and did not pass. Thus, it was repealed before it went into effect.¹¹ The Oregon Anti-Sterilization League is credited for swaying public opinion on this vote. However, a new forced sterilization law was passed in 1917 by West’s successor, Governor James Withycombe, who stated: 

I am more and more convinced that the reproduction of the mentally unfit is absolutely wrong. Through our shortsighted inaction we are populating our State with imbeciles and criminals, insuring ever-increasing public expense and opening the way for disease, sorrow and tragedy for generations yet unborn… To mend this situation, I earnestly urge the passage of a sane Sterilization Act.¹² 

Withycombe, while not included in the contents of RG 203, was involved with Oregon State prior to serving in the state government. In 1898, he joined the Oregon State staff as a professor of agriculture, and in 1908, was appointed Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. Withycombe Hall is named after the fifteenth Oregon governor. 

The bill passed by Withycombe did not require a referendum and the state formed the Board of Eugenics. This board included superintendents from state institutions like the Oregon State Hospital, the Eastern Oregon State Hospital, the State Penitentiary, and the State Institution for the Feeble-Minded. The board reviewed quarterly reports of inmates recommended for forceful sterilization.¹³ Inmates recommended for sterilization were those who were “feeble-minded, insane, epileptic, habitual criminals, moral degenerates, and sexual perverts. Habitual criminals were defined as those who have been convicted three times or more of a felony in any state, while moral degenerates and sexual perverts partly included homosexuals and promiscuous teenage girls.”¹⁴

Initially, the law did not require consent from individuals recommended for forced sterilization, but in 1923, state legislature changed the process for sterilization so that, “inmates and patients would be sterilized only if they consented or if a court determined that they should be forcibly sterilized.”¹⁵ Oftentimes, though, sterilization was used as a precondition for allowing individuals to leave state institutions. Thus, individuals often agreed to undergo sterilization if it allowed them their freedom. The statue was revised several more times through the twentieth century, stripping eugenic language and instead emphasizing prospective parents’ inability to care for children in 1935, removing additional eugenic language in 1967, and limiting the class of state wards considered for sterilization to mental hospital inmates in 1970.¹⁶

State-sponsored eugenic sterilization ended in 1983.¹⁷ From 1917 to 1983, over 2600 individuals were forced to endure sterilization in Oregon.¹⁸ While SCARC does not hold records directly related to Oswald West’s involvement in Oregon’s eugenics movement, enhanced descriptions for collections like RG 203 can give a more nuanced and informed approach to studying him, especially given his relationship with Oregon State. 

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Grace Knutsen is the former lead student archivist at Special Collections and Archives Research Center. She is an Oregon State alumna and Master of Library and Information Science student.

1. News and Communication Services Records, 1940-2004, Special Collections and Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries, Series 4 Reel 2. ↩︎
2. Katherine N. Bush, “Oregon’s Racial Purity Regime: The Influence of International Scientific Racism on Law Enforcement, Legislation, Public Health, and Incarceration in Portland, Oregon During the Victorian and Progressive Eras (1851-1917)” (MA thesis, Portland State University, 2021), PDXScholar (5677). https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5677/. ↩︎
3. Oswald West to the Twenty-Sixth Legislative Assembly Regular Session, 1911, “Inaugural Message, 1911,” Oregon State Archives, https://records.sos.state.or.us/ORSOSWebDrawer/Record/6777846/File/document. ↩︎
4. West to the Twenty-Sixth Legislative Assembly. ↩︎
5. Ibid. ↩︎
6. George Painter, “Oregon Sodomy Law,” Oregon Queer History Collective, accessed May 28, 2025, https://www.glapn.org/6070sodomylaw.html.  ↩︎
7. Josh Freeman, “Oregon Anti-Sterilization League,” Oregon Encyclopedia, May 24, 2022, https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/oregon_anti-sterilization_league/. ↩︎
8. Peter Boag, “Portland Vice Scandal (1912-1913),” Oregon Encyclopedia, May 20, 2022, https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/portland_vice_scandal_1912_1913_/#.XJHzxChKjIV. ↩︎
9. Mark A. Largent, “‘The Greatest Curse of the Race’: Eugenic Sterilization in Oregon, 1909-1983,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 103, no. 2 (2002): 196, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20615229. Painter, “Oregon Sodomy Law.” ↩︎
10. Julissa Coriano and Noah J. Duckett, “It Never Stopped: The Continued Violation of Forced, Coerced, and Involuntary Sterilization,” Delaware Collective Against Domestic Violence, accessed June 11, 2025, https://dcadv.org/blog/it-never-stopped-the-continued-violation-of-forced-coerced-and-involuntary-sterilization.html ↩︎
11. Lutz Caelber, “Oregon”, Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States, University of Vermont, accessed June 9, 2025.https://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/OR/OR.html ↩︎
12. Paul A. Lombardo, “Republicans, Democrats, & Doctors: The Lawmakers Who Wrote Sterilization Laws.” The Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics 51, no. 1 (2023): 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2023.47. ↩︎
13. Caelber, “Oregon.” ↩︎
14. Lawrence, “Oregon State Board of Eugenics.” ↩︎
15. Largent, “‘The Greatest Curse of the Race.’” ↩︎
16. Ibid. ↩︎
17. Lawrence, “Oregon State Board of Eugenics.” ↩︎
18. Deborah Josefson, “Oregon’s governor apologises for forced sterilisations.” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 325 (2002): 1380. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7377.1380/b. ↩︎

Roma are an ethnic group that originated in Northern India and migrated to Europe between the eighth and tenth centuries. The majority of Roma, also known as Romani, live across Europe, where they have faced persecution and segregation. During World War II, Romani were subjected to deportation, forced labor, and medical experimentation, and hundreds of thousands were executed in killing centers across Europe. This genocide decimated Roma populations and social networks, and they continued to face persecution after the war. Roma women were sterilized across Eastern Europe until the 1990s. Today, 90% of Romani in Europe live below the poverty line and face violence from other citizens and police.

Approximately one million Romani live in America. According to a 2020 Harvard study, discrimination is widespread even though many Americans know little about Roma. Many study participants described hiding their ethnic identity to avoid stereotyping or discrimination. Across the U.S., including in Oregon, Romani people have historically been harassed by police, subject to discriminatory housing and employment laws, and smeared as criminals. 

The term “gypsy” is considered derogatory by many Roma people. It comes from the word “Egyptian,” where many Europeans mistakenly believed the Romani came from. In 1971, at the First World Roma Congress, a majority of attendees voted to reject the use of the term “gypsy.” However, some still use it to self-identify. In the U.S., it has also come to signify a free-spirited person, or someone who moves from one place to another without settling down. In industries like logging or trucking, it can refer to independent contractors. These uses reference the traditional migratory lifestyle historically practiced by Roma. There is greater debate about whether these uses of “gypsy” are offensive. 

In our collections, “gypsy” is used as a descriptor of Romani people themselves, costumes and student events themed around Roma stereotypes, an adjective (as described above), and a logging term. Primarily, however, it refers to the “Asian gypsy moth” or “gypsy moth,” a group of invasive moth species that includes Lymantria dispar dispar, Lymantria dispar asiatica, L. d. japonica, L. albescens, L. umbrosa, and L. postalba. In 2021, the Entomological Society of America (ESA) voted to change the common names, and in 2022, the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) announced new names for these species. Lymantria dispar dispar is now known as the “spongy moth,” and the rest are now the “flighted spongy moth complex.” According to APHIS, the name refers to the moths’ eggs, which have a “spongy” texture. This change avoids equating Roma with a pest insect, and is part of the ESA’s Better Common Names Project, which seeks to update names that refer to ethnic or racial groups. 

Around half of the uses of “gypsy” are mentioned in the collection finding aid or preliminary collection inventory. The rest appear in Oregon Digital scans of SCARC materials. SCARC describes the contents of its collections using the language and terminology of the collections themselves. In order to provide historical context and to enable standardized searching and access across our collections, we have retained the original wording in the collection descriptions. However, we have also added a note to each affected collection to inform users of its context, along with a link to the SCARC Special Collections and Archives Research Center Anti-Racist Actions website and this blog post. 

We acknowledge the racism represented by the term “gypsy” and the continued persecution that Roma face. Providing access to these historical materials does not endorse any attitudes or behavior depicted therein. For more information about Roma in Oregon, we recommend Carol Silverman’s report for the Oregon Historical Society. Another great resource is the RomArchive, a digital archive for Roma art and culture.

Affected Collections

John D. Lattin Papers, 1941-2004

Thomas Kraemer Papers, 1908-2018

Gerald W. Williams Electronic Records, 1985-2008

Liz VanLeeuwen Spotted Owl Collection, 1973-2004

Gerald W. Williams Papers, 1854-2016

Gerald W. Williams Slides, 1961-2003

Research Accounting Office Records, 1935-2010

Entomology Department Records, 1887-2003

Extension and Experiment Station Communications Moving Images, 1937-2007

Beaver Yearbook Photographs, 1938-2005

Hans Plambeck Papers, 1900-1995

Barometer Campus Newspaper, 1896-2014

Oregon’s Agricultural Progress Magazine, 1953-2016

William L. Finley Papers, 1899-1946 (MSS Finley)

Staff Newsletter, 1961-2009

Annual Cruise, 1921-2000

The Lamplighter Literary Magazine, 1936-1945

The Manuscript, 1927-1932

Oregon State University Memorabilia Collection, ca. 1860-present

This work was completed in large part due to the initiative of Margot Pullen (Student Archivist) and the support of the Anti-Racist Description Team. Margot wrote this post and completed updates to collection finding aids.