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Ava Helen Miller Pauling: Linus Pauling’s Greatest Discovery

Ava Helen Pauling
Ava Helen Miller was born the tenth of twelve children on a farm near Oregon City, Oregon on December 24, 1903. After graduating from Salem High School, she attended Oregon Agricultural College, where she met Linus Pauling in 1922, her teacher in a chemistry course for home economics students, though an undergraduate himself. A shy twenty-one year old, Linus had quickly learned that to earn the respect of his classes he would need to establish his authority by asking tough questions and holding high expectations of his pupils. And so it was that on the first day of the term, Pauling “stood at the front of the room” and asked, “‘Will you tell me what you know about ammonium hydroxide, Miss…’ (I then looked at my class book and selected one of twenty-five names at random) ‘…Miller?’ As it turned out, Ms. Miller knew quite a bit about ammonium hydroxide. Two years later Ava Helen and Linus were married and living in Pasadena, California, where Linus eventually distinguished himself as among the greatest scientists in human history.

By assuming the responsibilities of their home life and four children, Ava Helen enabled Linus to spend his time immersed in scientific study. Perhaps more importantly however, it was Ava Helen who persuaded Linus to devote half of his time to the pursuit of world peace. Horrified by the nuclear destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the close of World War II, Ava Helen successfully convinced her husband that if he did not contribute his fame and intellect to the burgeoning anti-nuclear movement, there may soon cease to be a world in which he could pursue his primary passion – that of scientific research and discovery.

Together, Linus and Ava Helen worked tirelessly on behalf of numerous peace, civil liberties and women’s rights causes. Most significantly, the Paulings organized the Appeal to Stop the Spread of Nuclear Weapons, a petition signed by approximately 9,000 scientists when submitted to the United Nations in 1958.

In 1961, Ava Helen and Linus arranged the Oslo Conference Against the Spread of Nuclear Weapons, a symposium on the prevention of further development of nuclear weapons. Sixty scientists from fifteen countries attended. The conference’s recommendations were essentially identical to the nuclear nonproliferation policies announced by President John F. Kennedy the next year – a landmark achievement which garnered Linus Pauling his second Nobel Prize, for Peace, in 1963. In accepting the prize, Linus was quick to point out the major contributions made to the petition effort by his wife, noting that “In the fight for peace and against oppression, she has been my constant and courageous companion and coworker. On her behalf, as well as my own, I express my thanks.” In addition to inspiring her husband’s humanitarian causes, Ava Helen was closely involved with several peace and civil liberties organizations herself. For three years, she served as National Vice-President of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. She was a board member of the Los Angeles Chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union for seven years and a lifelong member of Women Strike for Peace. In various capacities, Ava Helen likewise traveled throughout the world giving lectures on peace and human rights. On one notable occasion in 1964, she delivered an address to an audience of over 100,000 people at a peace rally in Athens, Greece.

Among the several awards that Ava Helen Pauling received are: the Janice Holland Award of the Pennsylvania chapter of Women Strike for Peace, an honorary doctorate (Doctor of World Peace) from San Gabriel College, and the Ralph Atkinson Award of the Monterey County Chapter of the ACLU. This last honor reads: “…to Ava Helen Pauling, who spoke out against the internment of Japanese-Americans in 1942… challenged the inquisitorial committees of Congress in the 1950s and 1960s… and has actively supported the ACLU and its programs for half a century.”

Ava Helen passed away on October 7, 1981. She and Linus Pauling shared fifty-nine remarkable years together. Whenever asked what his greatest discovery was, Linus always replied, “My wife.”

“Harriet is of a nature for her work. She is careful of details and exacting,” 1955.

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The spirit of Harriet Moore, the first University Archivist, still lingers in our shelves. In the notes she’s written on recycled memos in the Memorabilia Collection, in the approximately 30,000 items in Harriet’s Collection, and in the stories from retired librarians who remember when Harriet interviewed them for a job when they were students. Even in my short time here, I could write paragraphs about the woman.

Moore’s affiliation with OSU spanned more than 70 years, from her arrival in 1920 as a student to her days as the University Archivist.Her professionalism and dedication to the historical record is present in all of the staff in the Archives: she established this as a place where serious work is done.

Harriet Louise Forest was born in Miles, Iowa, at the end of the 19th century. In 1910, when she was 14, her family moved to Oregon. Four years later, in 1914, she entered Reed College as one of 13 students in a US Army Medical Corps cooperative program with the University of Oregon Medical School. Moore became a reconstruction aid in physical therapy in spring of 1918; she received orders in October of that same year and was awaiting deployment in New York when the World War I armistice was signed. She stayed in New York until the end of that year, when she was transferred to both Camp Gordon and Fort McPherson in Georgia, and then to Walter Reed in Washington D.C. She served for three years, then resigned to finish college.

She started at OAC in the summer of 1920, but was called away after one term to work as a physical therapist in Tacoma, Washington. She returned to OAC and graduated in 1922 with a BS in Vocational Education; just a few days after graduation, she was married. She spent the next academic year in Corvallis, resuming her studies in 1923. In 1924, she earned her MS Vocational Education, the first master’s degree of it’s kind awarded at OAC. Her master’s thesis was entitled: “Functional periodicity in women.” In case her studies weren’t enough, from 1923-1926, she and her husband were chaperones at Shepard Hall.

For the next 30 years, Moore traveled with her husband throughout the country as his Department of Agriculture job required, she raised her children, she worked as a physical therapist, and she cultivated her passion for history. In November of 1929, she drove, by herself, from Pasadena to Orlando — it took her 5 1/2 days, and she did it in a Model T. The family lived in New York, Washington DC, Yakima, Pasadena, and Orlando; they found themselves stationed in Washington, D.C. on three separate occasions, which allowed Harriet to pursue her interest in historical and genealogical research.

In 1945, her husband accepted a position on the Extension staff, and they returned to Corvallis. At the request of the Daughter’s of the Revolution, she began recording information on head markers in Benton County cemeteries. A 1997 Gazette Times article said this of Moore’s adventures: “She often had to crawl on hands and knees through brambles to find grave markers and, once, she was thoroughly rump-stung by angry bees whose hive she had disturbed.”

Her work at the library began in 1955, when she was hired by Marie Jackson as a Library Assistant in the cataloging and reserve room. The Archives were established in the fall of 1961, largely the result of the growing quantity of University records and historical materials that were inundating the library: Harriet Moore was the natural choice to be in charge of maintaining “some kind of order to this mass of material.” Her job was “sorting, classifying, labeling, and filing piles of papers, books and pictures.” Coincidentally, the 1960s also saw the state enact a state-wide Records Management program. In anticipation of her new position, Moore paid her own way in the summer of 1961 to a training offered by the National Archives and American University.

The Archives was set up in the basement of Gill Coliseum; unfortunately for Moore, the accommodations weren’t as nice as those we have now — there was no air and there was no heat. By 1962, Moore had a student to assist her in the Archives, a column in the Oregon Stater entitled “Archives would like to know about this,” and a career as a professional archivist. Two years after opening in Gill, the Archives moved to Kidder Hall.

Moore’s monthly reports offer a window into her both her job as an archivist, and to her as a person. These reports document the amount of material received and weeded, notes on the weather and facilities, and highlights of her reference work. She was committed to historical accuracy, and expected others to take facts as seriously as she did. This is a quote from her November 1964 report: “During the past year, I have asked students who come for historical data to let me see their first drafts, in order to check their accuracy. It is so easy for them to pick up misstatements that have been carried in earlier publications. She was a stickler for the details.

Moore retired in 1966, but remained in a part-time position until 1968. Even in retirement, she received almost daily inquiries on local history — and answered many from memory.

Margaret Anderson, in a letter just after Harriet’s death in 1995, writes “[n]ames like Snell and Cordley and Kerr — that we think of as buildings — were people to Harriet. Often people connect with pictures and documents in the archives.”

Helen Gilkey: Master Botanist

Dr. Helen Gilkey in botany laboratory with students, circa 1920 (HC 946).Botanist Helen Margaret Gilkey earned a master’s degree in botany from Oregon Agricultural College in 1911 and the next year enrolled in the doctoral program at the University of California at Berkeley. She was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in Botany at Berkeley when she completed her degree in 1915. She continued as a scientific illustrator at Berkeley until 1918, when she returned to OAC as an assistant professor. She was also appointed Curator of the Herbarium, a position she held for 33 years, until her retirement in 1951.

Under Gilkey’s watch, the college’s herbarium grew from 25,000 to 75,000 plant specimen. Gilkey wrote more than 40 articles and books during her academic career and was one of the world’s leading experts in underground fungi (truffles) and tubers.

In 1996, Gilkey was inducted into the Berkeley Women’s Hall of Fame.

In 2003, Sharon Rose, Willamette University Biology Professor, curated an exhibit of Gilkey’s botanical illustrations at Willamette’s Hallie Ford Museum of Art (Read full story about Sharon Rose’s research.).

The Helen M. Gilkey Papers are available to researchers in the OSU Archives.

Mercedes Bates, also known as Betty Crocker

Mercedes BatesIn honor of Women’s History Month, University Archives will be posting items on strong, pioneering women who have worked at or attended Oregon State University. It is fitting that we start our first post with a woman who helped shape the image of an endearing female American icon — Betty Crocker.

Mercedes Bates was born in Portland, Oregon and was a 1936 Home Economics graduate of Oregon Agricultural College (now Oregon State University). After leaving OAC, Bates began her career working with southern California Gas Company overseeing their home service department. Then in 1948 she decided to go into business for herself, with a loan from her father, she opened a freelance food consulting business. Her food consulting business gave experience with food presentation in TV commercials. Bates was able to parlay her experience in 1960 as a senior food editor for McCall’s magazine, where she worked for four years.

In 1964 Mercedes Bates embarked on long career with General Mills, serving as the director of the Betty Crocker Kitchens. During her tenure as director, Bates was responsible for updating Betty’s persona as American women’s roles were changing. In 1966 Bates became the first female vice president in General Mills history. Not only was this a first of General Mills but this was also a first in the food industry itself. Bates would remain at General Mills until her retirement in 1984.

Retirement did not slow Bates down. She was active with a number of charities and other organizations including, the Girl Scout Council, the 4H Clubs of Minnesota, and the American Home Economic Association. It was while serving on the board of American Home Economic Association that Bates came back to OSU. A site visit by Bates lead to a generous gift for OSU, and in 1989 donated $3 million dollars to OSU. At the time it was the largest one-time donation to the University. The Mercedes A. Bates Family Study Center was opened in 1992 in her honor. The building housed programs that focused on studying families throughout their lifespan. Bates passed away in 1997 at the age of 81.

100 Years of OSU Baseball

Baseball PlayersIt’s live! Please visit the Baseball Centennial Collection website, an online collection documenting 100 years of baseball at OSU. In addition to some wonderful information and historical photographs, this site also features a blog written by archivists and a space for user comments and contributions.

For more information, please click here, or read Lauren Dillard’s March 1 Daily Barometer article, “New library collection batting on the past: Archives set to open in time for the Beavers’ home opener.”

Archives in the Ancient World

Getting back to the classics & connecting to the ancient origins of the profession

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Archives in the Ancient World is a great introductory text for those researching the history of ancient archives. As the first general survey of archival techniques and institutions, Ernst Posner’s book explores the relationships between ancient archives and the organizations that created them from the Near East to the Neo-Parthian Empire.

Before its publication in 1972, archives professionals knew little about the practices of their Egyptian, Greek and Roman predecessors. In this work, Posner encourages us to look to the history of archives and records administration to guide us into the future. While his book is rich with historical details, he suggests that our reflection and use of this history should be practical, rather than just a function of our own curiosity. In our ever-changing profession, this book challenges archivists to apply historical background to our own experience as one way to enrich our professional practice.

Oregon State University releases LibraryFind® software

Computer Lab
This week, the Oregon State University Libraries announced the first public release of their LibraryFind metasearch software. This version has a number of advanced features, including, but not limited to:

  • 2-click user workflow (one click to find, one click to get)
  • Integrated OpenURL resolver
  • 2-tiered caching system to improve search response time
  • Customizable user interface

This is a pre-1.0 release, so there are still a number of features, functions, and efficiencies they plan to add to the software. For more information on LibraryFind, including information on how to download and run the software, visit the LibraryFind website.

Welcome Back!

Bexell Classroom.jpgThe new term has begun, and the University Archives would like to welcome all the students, staff, and faculty back to OSU. If there is anything we can do to help with project research, class planning, or distractions from the rainy weather, please stop by our desk on the 3rd floor of the Valley Library. Our hours have returned to 9am to 5pm, Monday through Friday.

In addition to reference services, the OSU Archives encourages the use of our collections in graduate and undergraduate classes. Instructors interested in using the Archives in their classes should contact us at (541) 737-2165, archives@oregonstate.edu, or the “Ask An Archivist” form. Please allow several weeks for us to make arrangements. Additionally, we are also available to provide general instruction to faculty, staff, and students on how to use archival materials.