Unit IV – Christianity as Western Cultural Influence

1. Purgatory –  an intermediate state after physical death for expiatory purification.
2. Canon Law –  a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members
3. Transubstantiation –  the change of the whole substance of bread into the substance of the Body of Christ and of the whole substance of wine into the substance of his Blood
4. Vicar of Christ – “earthly representative of Christ”, but it’s also used in the sense of “person acting as parish priest in place of a real person.”
5. College of Cardinals – the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church
6. Nominalism – denies the existence of universals and abstract objects, but affirms the existence of general or abstract terms and predicates
7. Lollard – a follower of the 14th century English religious reformerJohn Wycliffe. The Lollards believed that the church should aid people to live a life of evangelical poverty and imitate Jesus Christ
8. Hussite –  Czech pre-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus, who became the best known representative of the Bohemian Reformation
9. John Wyclif – an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford. He became an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is considered an important predecessor to Protestantism
10. Scholasticism – a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical method of philosophical analysis presupposed upon a Latin Catholic theistic paradigm which dominated teaching in the medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700
11. Septuagint – a Greek version of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament), including the Apocrypha, made for Greek-speaking Jews in Egypt in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC and adopted by the early Christian Churches.
12. Erasmus – a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance. As a Catholic priest, Erasmus was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style
13. Reconquista – a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711, the expansion of the Christian kingdoms throughout Iberia, and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492
14. Inquisition –  group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy. The Inquisition started in 12th-century France to combat religious dissent, in particular the Cathars and the Waldensians
15. Excommunication – act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other
16. Huldrych Zwingli – a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system
17. John Calvin – a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, aspects of which include the doctrines of predestination and of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation, in which doctrines Calvin was influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other Christian traditions
18. Institutes of the Christian Religion – John Calvin’s seminal work of systematic theology.
19. Reformed Protestantism – major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians
20. Magisterial Reformation – phrase that “draws attention to the manner in which the Lutheran and Calvinist reformers related to secular authorities, such as princes, magistrates, or city councils”
21. Radical Reformation –  a response to corruption both in the Catholic Church and in the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others.
22. Anabaptist – “one who baptizes again”. Their persecutors named them this, referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ, even if they had been baptized as infants
23. William Tyndale – an English scholar who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English, influenced by the work of Erasmus of Rotterdam and of Martin Luther.
24. Authorized Version – The King James Version, also known as the King James Bible, sometimes as the English version of 1611, or simply the Authorized Version, is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, commissioned in 1604 and completed as well as published in 1611 under the sponsorship of James VI and I.
25. Confessionalization (See pg. 639) – the parallel processes of “confession-building” taking place in Europe between the Peace of Augsburg and the Thirty Years’ War