Unit III – Other Christianities
- Muhammad – an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets
- Islam – Abrahamic monotheistic religion that teaches that Muhammad is a messenger of God
- Umayyad – was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad
- Abbasid – was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad
- Charles Martel – a Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death
- Pact of Umar – an apocryphal treaty between the Muslims and the Christians of either Syria, Mesopotamia, or Jerusalem that later gained a canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence
- Caliph – the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517
- Timothy I – Patriarch of the Church of the East from 780 to 823, is widely considered to be one of the most impressive patriarchs in the long history of the Church of the East as well as a Father of the Church
- Justinian – the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or “restoration of the Empire”
- Hagia Sophia – the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque and formerly the Church of Hagia Sophia, is a Late Antique place of worship in Istanbul
- Iconoclasm – the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons
- Iconophile – one who was looked at to revere icons, statues, or other specific icons as religious followings.
- John of Damascus – a Christian monk and priest. Born and raised in Damascus c. 675 or 676, he died at his monastery, Mar Saba, near Jerusalem on 4 December 749
- Pantocrator – In Christian iconography, Christ Pantocrator is a specific depiction of Christ. Pantocrator or Pantokrator, usually translated as “Almighty” or “all-powerful”, is derived from one of many names of God in Judaism
- Trisagion – a hymn, especially in the Orthodox Church, with a triple invocation of God as holy.
- Deification – for Orthodoxy the goal of every Christian. Man, according to the Bible, is ‘made in the image and likeness of God
- Monotheletism – the view that Jesus Christ has two natures but only one will.
- Latreia – used in Roman Catholic theology to mean adoration, a reverence directed only to the Holy Trinity. Latria carries an emphasis on the internal form of worship, rather than external ceremonies
- Proskynēsis – an act of solemn expression of respect for the gods and people; among the Persian, it was that a man prostrated himself and kissed the earth, kissed the arms or legs of a respected person
- Constantine and Methodius – Cyril and Methodius were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the “Apostles to the Slavs”. They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic
- The Crusades – a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The term refers especially to the Eastern Mediterranean campaigns in the period between 1096 and 1271 that had the objective of recovering the Holy Land from Islamic rule
- Hesychasm – type of monastic life in which practitioners seek divine quietness through the contemplation of God in uninterrupted prayer. Such prayer, involving the entire human being—soul, mind, and body—is often called “pure,” or “intellectual,” prayer or the Jesus Prayer
- Great Papal Schism (1378 ce) – a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and each excommunicated the other
