Unit II – The Centralization of Authority & Development of Tradition

1. Catholic – Greek phrase meaning “on the whole”, “according to the whole” or “in general”
2. Pope – the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church
3. Augustine of Hippo – known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian, philosopher, and the bishop of Hippo. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period
4. Confessions -is the acknowledgment of one’s sins
5. The City of God – a book of Christian philosophy written in Latin by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD. The book was in response to allegations that Christianity brought about the decline of Rome and is considered one of Augustine’s most important works
6. Original Sin – also called ancestral sin, is a Christian belief in a state of sin in which humanity has existed since the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve’s rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
7. Donation of Constantine – a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope.
8. Jerome – a Latin priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome. best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin and his commentaries on the Gospels
9. The Vulgate – a late-4th century Latin translation of the Bible. It was to become the Catholic Church’s officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible during the 16th century and is still used in the Latin Church alongside the Hebrew and Greek sources
10. Virgin Mary – the mother of Jesus, according to the canonical gospels and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin
11. Saint – a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God
12. Asceticism – A hermitage can either be a place where a hermit lives in seclusion from the world, or a building or settlement where a person or a group of people lived religiously, in seclusion
13. Ascetic – characterized by or suggesting the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.
14. Monastic Rule – the Church law of the respective apostolic Christian churches that have forms of monastic living. The Christian monk embraces the monastic life as a vocation from God.
15. Schism – The Great Schism split the main faction of Christianity into two divisions, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. Today, they remain the two largest denominations of Christianity.
16. Dyophysite – one who maintains the Chalcedonian doctrine that full deity and full humanity exist in the person of Jesus Christ as two natures without confusion or change
17. Charlemagne – Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was the King of the Franks from 768, the King of the Lombards from 774, and the Emperor of the Romans from 800. During the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe
18. Mass –  the central act of worship of the Roman Catholic Church, which culminates in celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist
19. Sacrament – religious ceremony or ritual regarded as imparting divine grace, such as baptism, the Eucharist and penance and the anointing of the sick
20. Hildegard of Bingen – also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath. She is one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony, as well as the most-recorded in modern history
21. Joachim of Fiore – also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore, was an Italian theologian and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore