Corporate Innovation – Back to The City

I recently attended a Chief Innovation Officer conference in New York. My goal in attending this event was to learn more about how corporate ventures manage their innovation processes and what tools they currently use to develop and attain innovative processes and new products. I was glad I attended because I learned a few useful pieces of information. However, I felt that there were some concerns I have about managing innovation that were not covered in the conference.

Let me start with what was addressed:

Culture is a key tool to creating an environment of innovation success. Many of the speakers talked about the difficulty in moving that big ship called bureaucracy and focus on innovation.

Many of the speakers felt that not everyone in the company needs to focus on being innovative. I, personally disagree with this. Everyone in any company can always add value to his/her job, department, and processes. Just make it easy to suggest change, and allow employees to play with new ideas and concepts. This should be rewarded not punished in both success and failure.

Open innovation is still daunting to many companies, but it is beginning to gain acceptance. The basic tenet of open innovation is the use of external ideas to advance their technology. A number of issues inhibit open innovation: intellectual property issues, ownership, field of use, and confidentiality issues all play a restraining role. However, I was intrigued with the use of crowdsourcing to help with project work. One of the speakers found success through competitions that are external to the organization that uses gaming techniques to entice experts to compete and help the organization find the best solutions. This helps to provide “A” level talent, including workers that prefer not to work steady hours, to help companies solve problems faster and cheaper than a hiring process might provide.

Failure as a long-term learning strategy was not celebrated, nor discussed much because there still is a strong focus on short-term achievements. In the corporate world, companies are seeking 3-5 year payouts from innovation. This means that incentives and reward structures are geared toward execution on known outcomes rather than a focus on a disruptive or even iterative innovation.

Corporate opportunity recognition is still a struggle. How far innovation can successfully deviate from current strategy into adjacent markets is a difficult decision for many large companies.

One of the more interesting points the concept of focusing on a “quest.” Quests are driving forces for firm’s strategy that allows for innovative ideas and adjacent marketplaces. It is the aspirational mission of the firm. This could even allow for an oddball type of product line. One example provided was Redbull, which is clearly in the refreshment market but also important in arranging airplane racing competitions and other high-powered sporting events, such Formula One racing and other sports ownerships, and partnering with game companies (such as “Call of Duty” and “Destiny”), the HALO jump, and web marketing. The quest is that, “Red Bull helps more of us live our lives to the extreme” uses storytelling combined with action to illustrate their quest. Red Bull’s quest brings their entire product and brand lines together.

There was also a focus on data-driven innovation. This attempts to make use of big data so that intrapreneurs in an organization can become experimental. This was quite the opposite of what I might expect. Strategic innovation doesn’t necessarily have data, but rather ambiguity and uncertainty.

One of the better concepts reminded me of a Kodak moment. Kodak invented the digital camera and its failure to adapt and take on this innovation led to its downfall. The lesson: innovate or die and don’t have that Kodak moment.

The Kodak moment is also about understanding opportunities. That is where the Alex Osterwalder model in lean startups models is key. Even large companies need to try to understand how to better evaluate when an innovation is key to their strategy.

Here is what I would like to see or wished was on the agenda.

For the most part, I was disappointed in how little the large companies appeared to understand how to create an innovative culture. No one talked about learning from failures, and no one really discussed that innovation is a process that must be ingrained into the culture with a reward system for trying.

The goals of many of the Chief Innovation Officers were mostly short-term and revenue driven. I heard ROI on innovation too often. This translates to small incremental wins, no home runs or disruptive innovation and most importantly, the unwillingness to take risks. I personally don’t like the term risk when talking about innovation. I prefer the term “reducing uncertainty.” Risk can be measured and may fit the mindset of a large company, but the real goal is to reduce the uncertainty that cannot be exactly measured. However, uncertainty can methodically be calculated within a statistical range of probability. I concede that there are perils in trying to predict the future. Although we can’t forecast the future, but we can work the means and ways to get to a better future.

Jeff Bezos said, “Advertising is a tax you pay for lack of innovation.”

Convertible Notes or Price Valuation: A Question of Risk and Alignment of Interests

I am not a fan of convertible notes for entrepreneurs for a number of strategic issues. I also understand the reasons why convertible notes have become so popular with entrepreneurs and investors because of the simplicity of the closing. I believe series seed equity can close just as quickly and inexpensively as convertible notes.

For the uninitiated, convertible notes are debt instruments with an implied interest rate, maturity date and a convertible option to shares usually offered with a discount offered to the next pricing round. The intended purpose for investors is to avoid negotiating a valuation with the entrepreneur that might affect the follow- on round negotiated with the next group of investors. For entrepreneurs, convertible debt offers a faster option to close, and ergo cash in hand.

On the other hand, priced rounds offer each investor a price per share. Because of negotiation over valuation they can take longer to develop.

One of my favorite posts on why convertible notes are unfavorable to startups comes from Mark Suster. He offers significant details on the terms of the note and why they are not a good idea for entrepreneurs.

In addition to what Mark has written in detail, my take on this is much more strategic and focused on the alignment of interests between investors and entrepreneurs. First, by placing a maturity date on the convertible note, the entrepreneurs must strategically change their focus from company building to fundraising. Often the maturity date for the convertible note is set for approximately 18 months away. A better date for the entrepreneur would be 24 months, although sometimes they are set as low as 12 months, which is disastrous for the entrepreneur. Given the hunt for funds from new investors, due diligence and the negotiation of valuation—all of this activity can take time away from building and running a company.

The pro convertible funds side of the equation believes that that the time involved on a convertible round is much faster and settles quicker, ergo the whole purpose of a convertible note. My belief is that the function of the convertible note should not be necessary if the interests of the investor and the entrepreneur are strategically aligned.

In early stage companies, the best way to build a startup is through customer development and acquisition. What would an early stage investor prefer? Using their money toward the next fundraising round or focus on customer building? This leads to be an inherent conflict in strategy between the entrepreneur and investor on a convertible round. There is a specific imbedded date to obtain new funds. If that funding is not achieved by that date, the funds become a debt—and entrepreneurs sometimes need a longer runway to launch their companies.

The second issue regarding convertible notes revolves around the purpose of Angel investing. First or second sources of funding after the first formal funding round means to accept the significant risk involved with early stage technology financing. Angels understand that investing at this stage is inherently risky, and the reward is a significant uptick in pricing on subsequent rounds. Convertible notes are an attempt to hedge the risk by not pricing the financing round. Are the protections from down rounds or failures truly built into a note? Yes, a note may be higher in the pecking order of a fire sale in case of a failure. However, if a startup fails, what are the assets truly worth? If the round is not priced, the value cannot be determined easily.

What happens if the entrepreneur does not achieve the steps needed to get the next round of funding? The original Angel has a choice, put in a second round or let the company go broke. However, if the entrepreneur has been able to find another investor, the golden rule applies: “He who has the gold, rules.” The investor leading the next round may decide to offer to fund with the original note holders waiving a number of their protective rights.

Pricing a round allows the Angel to see the negotiating techniques of a founder and the founder to see how helpful an Angel is to the startup. They can begin to see whether their interests are truly aligned. Are both negotiating with the same sense of fairness and aligned interests? Why not have that difficult conversation about pricing, now? It shows the mettle of your CEO. It determines Angel alignment with company goals. If a valuation can’t be agreed upon fairly quickly then perhaps the deal should not have been done at all. Fred Wilson of Union Square Ventures said it well, “Equity is simple and you own what you own.”

As an investor, I attempt to understand the upside risk and prefer a clear valuation. After all, this is my risk capital portfolio. I want my entrepreneur to focus on building the company by creating a sound customer base, so that the next round is a growth round, not another marketing round.