Side view of the Montana or Beaver slide stacker, Harney County 1941

The new Flickr Commons set “Extension in South Eastern Oregon” has to open with this question:

What’s a Beaverslide?

And then, perhaps, it needs to end with this one (c/o the Eastern Oregon Visitors Association) most frequently exclaimed by visitors:

Wow, is this really Oregon?

With a flair for the flair, the EOVA gives us this delightful description of the region:

Rugged desert landscapes, vast open spaces, sparkling night skies, and the pungent scent of sage make it hard to fit much of this region into the usual image of the state. But it IS Oregon! If only one word were used to sum up this magnificent state, it would be “diverse.”

Of course, we tend to focus on the history, right? And EOVA has that covered too

The region’s heritage is also diverse. Native Americans, cowboys, Basque sheepherders, Japanese farmers, and European settlers: many cultures have left a mark on this land and continue to thrive here.

Sheep shearing in Lakeview, Lake County, Oregon, ca. 1926

We start in Lake County, located in the high desert south central region of Oregon. It is named for the many lakes found within its boundaries, “including Lake Abert, Hart Lake Reservoir, and Goose Lake. While Lake is among Oregon’s largest counties, it is sparsely populated with 7,895 residents in 2010” (Wikipedia, Lake County). In addition to info about economics, demographics, and geography, the Wikipedia article on Lake County includes facts about Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the region; 19th C European traders, explorers, and military expeditions; significant populations of Basque and Irish sheepherders; and homesteaders. The County Extension Service has been providing research-based, informal educational programs for Oregonians since 1911, with programs focusing on Agriculture, Family and Community Health, and 4-H Youth Development.

Lake County Drum and Bugle Corp, May 22, 1949

Also in the high desert country in the southeast portion of the state, “Harney County was created from the southern two-thirds of Grant County on February 25, 1889” (Oregon County Records Guide). It’s the largest county in Oregon and with industries of cattle raising, sheep raising, and timber traditionally providing the county’s economic base. The Oregon County Records Guide gives us this great fun fact:

The small community of Drewsey in northeastern Harney County had a more colorful original name. Storeowner Abner Robbins named the place Gouge Eye in 1883, probably as a reference to the frontier method of dispute resolution. Postal authorities took a dim view of the name and it later changed.

The Harney County Extension offers its own fun through educational programs and resources that focus on Agriculture and Natural Resources, 4-H/Youth Development, and Family Living. And, if you are in the mood to read more about Basques in Harney County, look through the “Guide to the Basques of Harney County, Oregon, Oral History Collection, 1976-2001.”

Morrow County, Eat more Lamb campaign, ca. 1930

Compared to the rainy Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, the climate of the Eastern side of the state is a drier continental climate, with much greater temperature variations. As you’ll see from the pictures from the counties in our new Flickr Commons set, Extension in Northeastern Oregon, (aka Morrow, Grant, Wallowa, and Umatilla counties), the region is home to cattle that graze, wheat that grows, and bees that buzz.

4-H Tour, Grant County, Mt. Range scene

For folks who have visited Oregon and traversed the state east/west or west/east, you know that the Cascades mountain range is a significant geographic feature! Historically, this meant that the Eastern region has been relatively isolated from Western Oregon.

“Early settlers floated down the Columbia River from The Dalles to reach Western Oregon. In 1845, Sam Barlow built a road around the south side of Mount Hood, which served as the final leg of the Oregon Trail. The Applegate Trail and Santiam Wagon Road were constructed soon after, connecting eastern and western Oregon in the southern and central parts of the state. In the early 20th century, Samuel Hill built the Columbia River Highway, allowing automobiles to pass through the Columbia River Gorge … Railroads began to be important as early as 1858 with the construction of the Oregon Portage Railroad” (Wikipedia, Eastern Oregon).

Tug-of-War, Morrow County, ca. 1922

According to the Morrow County Extension Office,

“Morrow County is a rural north-eastern Oregon county, bordered the Columbia River at its Northern end and timbered by the Umatilla National forest on the southern border with stretches of desert, hills, flat-lands and creeks lying between.”

And, not surprisingly, the “major industries in Morrow County include timber, energy, food processing and a variety of agricultural crops including corn, potatoes, watermelons, grapes, wheat, canola, sheep, cattle and dairy products.” The Oregon Historical County Records Guide notes that, like many other counties in Oregon, Morrow was created from the western portion of Umatilla County and a small portion of eastern Wasco County in 1885, named for Jackson Lee Morrow,

“an early settler in the area and member of the Legislative Assembly when the county was created … [the city of] Heppner was almost destroyed by a flood on June 14, 1903. The flood was precipitated by a sudden cloudburst and accompanying hail that caused a dam collapse and flash flooding. A wall of water and debris swept down the creeks and canyons and through the town. It has been estimated that 247 people were drowned. Property damage was reported at nearly $1,000,000. The nearby towns of Ione and Lexington also sustained significant damage.”

O.T. McWhorter, extension horticulturist, talking to a group of fruit growers in Milton-Freewater, Umatilla County, ca. 1929

Umatilla, the county with my favorite county name, was created in September 1862 out of a portion of Wasco County. According to the Oregon Historical County Records Guide, “Umatilla is an Indian term meaning ‘rippling water’ or ‘water rippling over sand’ and has provided the name both for the county and its major river.” Also according to the County Records Guide, the

“Umatilla Indian Reservation was established by the Treaty of Walla Walla in 1855. It became an 800 square mile home for the Umatilla, Walla Walla, and Cayuse tribes and is located immediately southeast of Pendleton.”

Umatilla County’s fertile land helps provide a strong agricultural base for the economy, with fruit, grain, timber, cattle, and sheep as important agricultural products. And for rodeo fans everywhere, make sure you travel in September to see the Pendleton Round-Up — let’er buck! Extension in the county is strong, with a commitment to connecting with the community through meetings, workshops, 4-H Youth Programs, short courses, tours, newsletters and one-on-one consultations.

Hay rake, Grant County, ca. 1944

Grant County, established in October 1864 and named for General Ulysses S. Grant (famous as a commander of the Union Army during the Civil War and stationed at Fort Vancouver). The county is home to the headwaters of the John Day River, a history of gold rushing after gold was discovered on Whiskey Flat, and The Kam Wah Chung State Heritage Site. The Kam Wah Chung site in John Day

“explores the legacy of the Chinese workforce in Oregon. The site is based in a rustic building that was constructed as a trading post along the Dalles Military Road in the mid-1800s. Here Chinese herbal doctor Ing Hay administered traditional Chinese remedies to the Chinese gold-mine workers, pioneers, and others from a wide area… The museum contains thousands of artifacts and relics that illustrate the many uses of the site until the 1940s, including service as a general store, pharmacy, doctor’s office, Chinese temple, and home” (Grant County, Oregon Historical County Records Guide).

Like other counties in this region, the main industries are agriculture, livestock, forestry, and recreation. This is reflected in the services of the Grant County Extension Office, with a focus on agriculture, horticulture, range, forestry, youth development, family & community health, and nutrition & food preservation.

Wallowa County Livestock club member

Wallowa County was established in February 1887 out of the eastern portion of Union County. This county, in the tippy top northeast corner of the state is known for its agriculture, livestock, lumber, tourism, and recreation. It is also the place where, in 1877,

“the younger Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce, incensed at the government’s attempt to deprive his people of the Wallowa Valley, refused to be moved to an Idaho reservation. Several regiments of United States troops were dispatched to force him onto the reservation. After a number of battles and a thousand-mile retreat, Chief Joseph was compelled to surrender. He and the remnants of his band were removed to Oklahoma and later were relocated to a reservation in Washington State” (Wallowa County, Oregon Historical County Records Guide).

The Extension office in Wallowa is an excellent resource for publications pertaining to the history of the county, as well as the agriculture, industry, and the “Wallowa County Nez Perce Tribe Salmon Habitat Recovery Plan and Multi-Species Strategy.”

Hoover's Happy Hustling Helpers--County Agent, A.R. Chase and County Supt. C.T. Bonney with the Wasco County Canning Team, ca. 1917

Grass, grain, cows, and “Hoover’s Happy Hustling Helpers”… Curious? Well this week we’re heading to the tippy top of the state, right along the border with Washington, to explore the history of the counties in the Columbia Gorge with our new Flickr Commons set celebrating the centennial of OSU’s Extension Services. Extension is important up north, particularly since this region is known for both field crops *and* orchards that produce delish produce!

Dillard Gates, Extension Range Specialist, inspects Sherman Bib Blue Grass, Gilliam County, ca. 1965

Located in the heart of the Columbia Basin Wheatlands, Gilliam County might be known for a rural agriculture life style and is bordered on the north by the Columbia River and on the west by the John Day River, but it isn’t too terribly far from the urban centers of the I-5 corridor of the Willamette Valley. “Gilliam County is in the heart of the Columbia Basin wheat area. Its economy is based primarily on agriculture centering on wheat, barley, and beef cattle. Apples and other irrigated crops are becoming an increasingly important part of the economy of the north end of the county. After agriculture and livestock, other principal industries of Gilliam County include tourism, hunting, and fishing” (History – Gilliam County). The County is was established in 1885 and is named for Cornelius Gilliam, who commanded the forces of the provisional government of Oregon after the Whitman Massacre. Fun fact? The county has two Nobel Prize Winners to boast about — both two-time winner Dr. Linus Pauling (Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 for research into the nature of the chemical bond, Nobel Peace Prize in 1962) and Dr. William Parry Murphy (the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for 1934 for work on pernicious anaemia and the treatment of it by means of a diet of uncooked liver). For more on these two, see Nobelprize.org.

Truck loaded with workers in Hood River County, circa 1943

Hood River County was established in 1908 and is named for the Hood River, a tributary of the Columbia River. According to Wikipedia,

“The first permanent settlers in present-day Hood River County filed a donation land claim in 1854. The first school was built in 1863 and a road from The Dalles was completed in 1867. By 1880 there were 17 families living in the valley. By the latter part of the nineteenth century farmers of Japanese, Finnish, German, and French ethnicity had settled in the valley” (Hood River County, Oregon).

Speaking of the history of Hood River, namely who had what land,

“At the turn of the twentieth century, the people of the Hood River region in the northwest portion of Wasco County expressed a desire for political separation from the parent county. The passage of a statewide initiative established Hood River as the thirty-fourth county of the state. It was made official by a governor’s proclamation on June 23, 1908. The Columbia River Highway was completed in 1922 from Portland to The Dalles, improving access between both those cities as well as to Hood River” (Hood River County, Oregon).

Where does Extension fit in? Agriculture, timber, lumber and recreation are the major sources of revenue and industry — trust me, go there for cherries, apples, and a pear! The Hood River Extension site reports that they have been serving the residents of Hood River County and the Mid-Columbia area for over 80 years. The also share a little history, of the agricultural sort:

“Nathanial Coe brought to the Hood River Valley the first fruit trees in 1854 when he arrived to establish Oregon’s first post offices and mail routes. In 1876, E.L. Smith planted the first commercial orchard, 30 acres of apples (Newtown Pippins and Spitzenburg) and peaches. In time, apples became the dominant crop. In 1919 the Hood River Valley had a disastrous freeze that killed many apple trees. With that, growers began planting pear trees to replace the apples. Today pears are the major commerical crop grown in the valley. In recent years more sweet cherry trees and vineyards have increased in acreage” (Hood River County Extension).

Knowing the history of Hood River is more than just knowing about its original settlers and agricultural production, to learn more about how Executive Order 9066 impacted the lives of Japanese Americans in the region, read the Oregon Encyclopedia article Japanese Americans in Oregon, Immigrants from the West.

Kent-Sherman Counties Dairy calf club; C.E. English, local leader

Sherman County, named for William Tecumseh Sherman, a Union general in the American Civil War. Borders shift, don’t they? Sherman County was created in 1889 from the northeast corner of Wasco County… However, “the county’s borders have been changed only once, in 1891, when the Legislative Assembly moved the county line 18 miles (29 km) farther south into Wasco County” Sherman County, Oregon. The Sherman County Extension Office gives us a great description of the county:

“Sherman County is frequently referred to as the ‘Land Between the Rivers.’ Located in north central Oregon, the Columbia river forms the northern border, while the east and west boundaries are marked by the steep, deep canyons of the John Day River on the east and the Deschutes River on the west. The rugged canyons of Buck Hollow, a tributary of the Deschutes, mark the southwest border.”

Sherman County is also known as “the Land of Wheat” — and, interestingly, it is also home to the Biglow Canyon Wind Farm, the largest project of its kind in Oregon.

School bus loaded with children to help in harvesting crops, Wasco County, ca. 1943

Wasco County, once home to parts of both Sherman and Hood River Counties, is named for a local tribe of Native Americans, the Wasco, a Chinook tribe who lived on the south side of the Columbia River. Lots goes on in Wasco County, with an economy

“based upon agriculture (orchards, wheat farming, livestock ranching), lumber, manufacturing, electric power, transportation, and tourism. Aluminum production was previously a major support of the local economy, but electrical price fluctuations and a slump in global aluminum prices has forced the closing of a number of local aluminum foundries” (Wasco County, Oregon).

Celilo Falls on the Columbia River served as a gathering place and major trading center for the local Native Americans, including the Wasco, Paiute, and Warm Springs tribes, for thousands of years — the falls were submerged by the construction of The Dalles Dam in 1957. You can see wonderful images and read about Celilo Fallsin the description of this Flickr set.

Want to see other pictures from counties in Oregon? Check out the OSU Extension Service Centennial collection in the Commons.

Tree felling contest, 1941

Head up to the north coast of Oregon to find tree felling, dress forms, and turnips? Nope, it isn’t all about the rocky coast or spraying sea, the extension offices in Lincoln, Tillamook, and Clatsop counties support their communities by providing education on agriculture, horticulture, forestry, youth development, family & community development, fisheries, and (of course) marine science.

H. R. Hartley and turnip field

Head to Lincoln County to find our colleagues on the coast in Newport, home to both OSU’s Hatfield Marine Science Center (and the HMSC branch of our Libraries) as well as the Oregon Coast Aquarium. Lincoln County was created by the Oregon Legislative Assembly on February 20, 1893 with Toledo was picked as the temporary county seat. In 1954, the county seat moved to Newport. “The northern part of Lincoln County includes the Siletz Reservation, created by treaty in 1855. The reservation was open to non-Indian settlement between 1895 and 1925. The Siletz’s tribal status was terminated by the federal government in 1954, but became the first Oregon tribe to have their tribal status reinstated in 1977. The current reservation totals 3,666 acres (15 km²)” (Lincoln County, Oregon).

"Uncle Samme's Canners" Tillamook County, State Champions, 1919

Timber, tourism, agriculture, and turnips! In the mood for cheese to go with your surf? Tillamook County is the place to be. Named for the Tillamook, a Native American tribe living in the area in the early 19th century at the time of European American settlement, the twelfth county in Oregon was established on December 15, 1853.

Boys of Warrenton School harvesting cranberries, 1942

Near and dear to my heart, Clatsop County is at the tippy tip of the Oregon Coast. As theClatsop County Historical Society says “it is no coincidence that the place with the most spectacular scenery in the Pacific Northwest is also the place where the most important events in the history of the region have occurred.” Clatsop County, Oregon is where the largest river on the West Coast of the United States, the Columbia, meets the Pacific Ocean. “It was this river, in 1792, that Captain Robert Gray searched for and finally found on his voyages of exploration up and down the coast … this river to the west that Lewis and Clark also searched for and found on their journey across the continent in 1805.” But long before these men thought of their passage across the continent, the river was home to the Chinook, Clatsop, Kathlamet, and other people of this region.

So enjoy this set, without a single shot of the ocean!

Portland 4-H youth at the PGE test kitchen, circa 1975

According to Wikipedia, the “Portland metropolitan area” or “Greater Portland” is an urban area in Oregon and Washington centered around the city of Portland, Oregon. The U.S. Census Bureau’s currently all of the following counties: Clackamas, Columbia, Multnomah, Washington, Yamhill Counties in Oregon and Clark and Skamania Counties in Washington. In the Flickr-verse that is of our own making, or at least according to the loosely logical map that we’ve organized the Extension Centennial set around, we’ve dropped Yamhill and the two counties in Washington to come up with our version of the Portland Metro area!

Barrels of pickles, circa 1945

Though it’s heavy on the rural, the Portland Metro area itself is a delightful mix of rural and urban … As are its counties…

Shirley Gamble and Haroldine DeBord, 1946

In the Community Report 2011 for Clackamas County, FARMS•FOOD•FAMILIES, the first person to work in Extension was a woman, Lorene Parker – the year was 1917.

“One month later, the first staff chair administrator was hired, Richard Werner. Eight months later in June, 1918, agent Brenton Vedder joined the staff. These three agents concentrated on home economics and agriculture. Interestingly, from 1917 to today, there have been only 12 staff chairs. John Inskeep held the title and managed programs throughout the county for 35 years from 1926 to 1961.”

Pledge to the flag by 4-H at the Columbia County Fair, ca. 1938

Columbia County, named for the Columbia River, was created in 1854 from the northern half of Washington County. According to the Oregon Historical County Records Guide,

“the primary industries of Columbia County are timber, fishing, water transportation, dairying, horticulture, and recreation. The extensive stands of old growth timber, which had attracted many of the early settlers to the area, were completely logged over by the 1950s. Second growth timber provides the raw material for local lumber and paper mills. The Trojan Nuclear Plant, located near Rainier, was in operation from 1975 to 1993.”

Multnomah County was created on December 22, 1854 “when the people living in Portland found it difficult to travel to Hillsboro to conduct business at the county seat of Washington County” (Oregon Historical County Records Guide).

Cauliflower harvest, 1944

Residents also thought they were “paying too much in taxes to support the farmers in the rural areas surrounding Portland,” so in 1854, Portland business owners “petitioned the Territorial Legislature for a new county and Multnomah County was created at the subsequent session.” The county was named after the Multnomah Indians, a part of the Chinookan tribe that lived on the eastern tip of what we now call “Sauvie Island” in the Columbia River. Ironically, while the “principle industries of Multnomah County are manufacturing, transportation, wholesale and retail trade, and tourism,” the Portland Metro Area Extension Services provide a plethora of information on local food and farms, rural/urban connections, sustainable living, urban forestry, urban gardening, and 4-H youth Programs.

Victory Farm Volunteers parade through Hillsboro, Oregon

Washington County, settled on a fertile plain that attracted farmers long before there was an Extension Office to offer community assistance, still boasts a strong economy based on agriculture. Vineyards, lumber, manufacturing, and food processing are all mainstays; however, in the 19080s and 1990s, electronics moved in as well. And, on a non-Extension note, you’ll also find the headquarters for Nike, Columbia Sportswear, and Reser’s Fine Foods in Washington County.

Marion County 4-H club members on KOAC radio broadcast, 1950

Polk, Marion, and Yamhill counties make up the mid-valley region of Oregon. Plenty of produce, picking, and harvesting happens in this region – and Extension Services has been an integral part of this work!

Miller's dept. store window display in Salem, 1944

The OSU Extension Service has been in Marion County since September, 1911, when the first Oregon Director of Extension was appointed. The first Extension Agent, Luther Chapin, was appointed in on September 7, 1912. Funding for this first agent came from commercial monies raised through the local Chamber of Commerce. Although no state funds were used, the county agent still had close connections with the college, using experiment station results as the basis of his demonstration program and calling upon college specialists for assistance. Learn more on the Marion County Extension history page.

A.W. Oliver demonstrating butchering techniques, 1938

Polk County Extension has been an integral part of Polk County life and development since 1918. It continues to be important today. Visit the page The History of Polk County Extensionfor some wonderful historic photos and facts about Extension in the county. It is a robust page with information about the history of 4-H, women working during WWII, notable visitors, and technological developments to aid in harvesting.

Weighing beans, 1946

Yamhill County has a diverse agricultural production including wheat, barley, horticulture, dairy farming, orchards, commercial timber, and wine. Read more about the history of Yamhill County on the State of Oregon page.

Elsie Hill on a tractor, 1944

We can thank county extension agents for marvelous reports detailing the activities in the 36 counties in Oregon, but also for the pictures they took. These images record the communities (rural and urban), the varied economies, and the life throughout the last one hundred years. So this summer, instead of travelling the globe via Flickr Commons contributions, we’re travelling the state via Extension Services! Since there are 36 counties and only 12 weeks, we’ve decided to release a new set from a region in the state each week. The first starts close to home with Linn & Benton counties.

One hundred years and one mission

The OSU Extension Service has a history that would make any program feel proud.

“At the close of the 19th century, most Oregonians were newcomers living on newly established farms. They approached their work much the same way their fathers and grandfathers had, clinging to methods that had worked well enough back in Minnesota or Germany. It was the mission of Oregon’s land-grant college to research practical solutions to real problems, and OAC faculty spent part of their time traveling by horseback or train to organize farmers’ institutes and deliver lectures to far-flung communities. Their topics aimed to improve rural life, from food safety and family nutrition to animal husbandry and pest management. Demonstrations might draw hundreds of people.

Oregonians have always loved learning, and the demand grew. OAC faculty wrote educational pamphlets and columns for the state’s three largest newspapers. They gave correspondence courses in accounting, rural law, and farm economics; they volunteered as judges at county and State Fairs; and they worked with public schools to teach boys’ and girls’ Industrial Clubs, the forerunners of Extension 4-H clubs in Oregon. Eventually, faculty were working off campus so much that OAC President W.J. Kerr established a recognized division within the college dedicated solely to the educational service of communities beyond campus. On July 24, 1911, the Board of Regents established the Extension Service at Oregon Agricultural College.”

Continue reading →