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This post is the first in a series in which I discuss the basics of a component or concept in the Linux kernel. The goal is to explain it in such a way that a beginner C or C++ programmer unfamiliar with the Linux kernel can comprehend it. There will be at least 2 posts in this series, including this one.
This week, the topic is memblock.
What is memblock?
When programming in kernel space, you cannot use the C standard library memory allocation functions available in user space, such as malloc, free, calloc, realloc, or reallocarray.[1] There are kernel space equivalents, such as kmalloc or kzalloc, kfree, kcalloc, krealloc_array, krealloc,[2] and more. However, these memory allocators are set up during the booting process. In the period of time before these allocators are available, the system still needs to allocate memory. During that period of time, a specialized allocator called memblock is used to allocate memory.[3]
memblock views the system memory as a collection of contiguous regions. memblock is made up of memblock types, which are themselves made up of multiple memory regions. There are several structures and functions for working with memblock.[4]
Structures
struct memblock
The struct memblock wraps the metadata for the memory and reserved memblock types, along with current_limit, the physical address of the current allocation limit, and bottom_up, the allocation direction. The allocation limit limits allocations to memory that is currently accessible and can be set with memblock_set_current_limit(phys_addr_t limit). The memblock structure is statically initialized at build time.
[5]
struct memblock {
bool bottom_up;
phys_addr_t current_limit;
struct memblock_type memory;
struct memblock_type reserved;
};struct memblock_type
An array of several memory regions of the same type can be represented with struct memblock_type. This struct defines an array of memory regions regions of type name with cnt number of regions. The total size of the array is max, and the size of all the regions is total_size.
[5]
struct memblock_type {
unsigned long cnt;
unsigned long max;
phys_addr_t total_size;
struct memblock_region *regions;
char *name;
};The memory region types are memory, reserved, and physmem.
- memory is the physical memory available to the kernel.
- reserved refers to the regions that were actually allocated.
- physmem is the total physical memory available during boot regardless of whether the kernel can access it. It is not available on some architectures.
struct memblock_region
The struct memblock_region represents a memory region with base address base, size size, memory region attributes flags, and NUMA node id nid. NUMA is a system with non-uniform memory access.
[5]
struct memblock_region {
phys_addr_t base;
phys_addr_t size;
enum memblock_flags flags;
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
int nid;
#endif
};The memory region attributes are defined in enum memblock_flags.
[5]
enum memblock_flags {
MEMBLOCK_NONE = 0x0, /* No special request */
MEMBLOCK_HOTPLUG = 0x1, /* hotpluggable region */
MEMBLOCK_MIRROR = 0x2, /* mirrored region */
MEMBLOCK_NOMAP = 0x4, /* don't add to kernel direct mapping */
MEMBLOCK_DRIVER_MANAGED = 0x8, /* always detected via a driver */
};Functions
memblock is initialized in setup_arch() and taken down in mem_init().
memblock has many useful APIs. These APIs include functions for adding and removing memory regions, and allocating and freeing memory, among many other functions.
Adding and removing
These functions add or remove a memblock region with the given base address and size. They return an int indicating whether the operation succeeded. The memblock_add_node() version adds the region within a NUMA node and includes parameters for the node id and memblock flags.
memblock_add(base, size)memblock_add_node(base, size, nid, flags)
memblock_remove(base, size)Allocating
These functions allocate a memory block and return the physical address of the memory.
memblock_phys_alloc(size, align)
memblock_phys_alloc_range(size, align, start, end)
memblock_phys_alloc_try_nid(size, align, nid)These functions allocate a memory block and return the virtual address of the memory.
memblock_alloc(size, align)
memblock_alloc_from(size, align, min_addr)
memblock_alloc_low(size, align)
memblock_alloc_node(size, align, nid)Freeing
The functions memblock_free() and memblock_phys_free() free a boot memory block that was previously allocated; it is not released to the buddy allocator (which handles allocation after boot process completes). The *ptr parameter in memblock_free() is the starting address of the boot memory block. The functions memblock_free_all() and memblock_free_late() free pages to the buddy allocator.
memblock_free(*ptr, size)
memblock_phys_free(base, size)
memblock_free_all(void)
memblock_free_late(base, size)