{"id":27,"date":"2020-06-29T01:34:26","date_gmt":"2020-06-29T01:34:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/tuthillrhst326\/?page_id=27"},"modified":"2020-09-02T22:13:09","modified_gmt":"2020-09-02T22:13:09","slug":"quick-facts-summaries","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/tuthillrhst326\/quick-facts-summaries\/","title":{"rendered":"Quick Facts & Summaries"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Page 2: Important and Influential Individuals<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Page 3: Important Concepts, Events, etc. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Page 4: Terms in Early Christianity (Units One and Two)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Papacy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pope Damascus (305-384)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pope Damascus was a bishop of Rome through the middle of the fourth century. He was a proponent of the creation of the Vulgate bible, and was a major force in the creation of the Christian canon. He presided over the Council of Rome in 382; which was the governing body that sorted through and selected the canon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pope Leo I (400-461)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pope Leo was a bishop of Rome in the mid-5th<\/sup> century. Pope Leo is a Doctor of the Church, and is one of the most influential popes in Catholic history. As Pope, Leo met with Attila the Hun and convinced him to retreat from Europe; Pope Leo also laid the foundation for the Council of Chalcedon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pope Gregory (540-604)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pope Gregory was a bishop of Rome, and is known mostly for his organization of the largest religious mission in Christianity at the time: the Gregorian Mission. Pope Gregory is considered both a Father of the Catholic Church and a saint of the Catholic Church.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pope Urban (1035-1099)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pope Urban was a bishop of Rome and ruler of the Catholic state during the latter half of his life; Pope Urban\u2019s greatest legacy is his initiation of the Crusades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1AD to 1000AD<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Constantine (272-337)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Constantine was the emperor of Rome from 306 to 337AD. Constantine not only was the first emperor of Rome to convert to Christianity, but normalized and permitted Christianity in Rome. He declared this in the Edict of Milan written in 313. Constantine created New Rome, and moved the capital to Constantinople. He ordered the construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, becoming one of Christianity\u2019s most revered holy sites. Constantine restructured all of Rome and created what is known as the Byzantine Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jerome (327-420) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jerome was a 4th<\/sup> and 5th<\/sup> century historian and theologian who translated the bible into Latin, a work which is known as the Vulgate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Augustine (354-430)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Augustine was an immensely influential philosopher and theologian who also served as the Bishop of Hippo until his death in 430. Augustine reinvigorated what it meant to be a Christian and what it meant to live a holy life. He played an influential role in understanding the role of sex and marriage within the Church for generations to come; he also was influential in laying down the philosophical basis of Original Sin, as well as the development of \u201cJust War Theory.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pelagius (354-418)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pelagius was a major theologian in the fourth and early fifth century, and in a philosophical sense was the antithesis to Augustine\u2019s philosophical teachings. Pelagius was an advocate of free will, and denied Augustine\u2019s thesis of Original Sin. Pelagius attracted a fair number of followers in parts of Europe, creating a movement known as Pelagianism. Pelagius would be deemed a heretic by the Council of Ephesus in 431.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Empress Theodora (500-548)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Empress Theodora was the Empress of the Byzantine Empire from 527-548, and wife to Emperor Justinian. She was a supporter of Chalcedonian Christianity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1000AD to 2000AD<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hildegard of Bingen was a German philosopher, composer, and polymath. She was a prolific writer and thinker in the 12th<\/sup> century; writing books such as Scivias<\/em>, Liber Vitae Meritoriam<\/em>, and Liber Divinorum Operum<\/em>. Hildegard of Bingen played a role in consolidating Church teachings into canonical law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquinas (1225-1274)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thomas Aquinas was a philosopher, priest, and Doctor of the Catholic Church. He is among the most prominent influences unto the Church. Aquinas was a member of the philosophical school of scholasticism, and the founder of Thomism. Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologica, an amalgamation of all the teachings of the Catholic church. One of Thomas Aquinas\u2019s greatest legacies is the way in which he tied reason and religion together as one force, an idea that had great influence during the enlightenment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Julian of Norwich (1343-1416)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Julian of Norwich was an English woman who, for religious reasons, withdrew from English society during her lifetime. She wrote the book Revelations of a Divine Love<\/em>, one of the first recorded English books to be written by a woman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Catherine of Siena was a Dominican mystic, author, and Doctor of the Church. Catherine practiced asceticism, and wrote about her theology in her book, The Dialogue<\/em>. She had also written, perhaps her most famous book, The Dialogue of Divine Providence<\/em> in 1378. From an administrative standpoint, Catherine of Siena had major influence on Pope Gregory XI, and his reformation of the clergy and Papal State administration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martin Luther (1483-1546)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Martin Luther was a theologian who played a major and central role in the Protestant Reformation, and the creation of Lutheranism. Raised in the teachings and practices of Augustine, Luther became a priest in 1507, and nailed his famous Ninety-five Theses<\/em> to the door of the Catholic Church in 1517. As a result, he was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and deteriorated the power the Church held over people, leading to a religious schism in different regions of the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ulrich Zwingli was a pastor and theologian who led the Swiss portion of the Protestant Reformation. Zwingli formed a coalition between those in Switzerland who wished to remain Catholic and those who wished for reform.  In keeping the ideological divide together, Zwingli managed to prevent a civil war within Switzerland and initiate the Protestant Reformation throughout Switzerland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Henry VIII (1491-1547)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Henry VIII was the King of England for the first half of the 16th<\/sup> century. He is perhaps most famously known for his failed attempts to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII was unable to divorce his wife due to the fact that Pope Clement VII, head of the Catholic Church, would not let him. This led to the English Reformation and the birth of Anglicanism, as Henry VIII removed the Anglican Church from the rule of the papacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Calvin (1509-1564)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Calvin was a prominent theologian in the age of Martin Luther, as he was also a reformist during the Protestant Reformation. Calvin, a theologian, developed a branch of Protestantism called Calvinism. Calvinism preached ideas such as predestination; the idea that God already knows the fate of ones life before they live it, and that only God has the power to grant salvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Wesley (1703-1791)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

John Wesley was an English theologian and led a reform movement of the Church of England, and founder of Methodism. Wesley argued for the notion of Christian perfection, which argues that a perfect union with God can be achieved through pure love of God. Wesley also believed in predestination and was a critic of Calvinism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire (1694-1778)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voltaire was a French writer and philosopher who was integral to the thinking and philosophy of the Enlightenment Era. Voltaire was a prominent critic of the Catholic Church, and of Christianity as a whole. Voltaire was an advocate and promoter of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and the separation of church and state; his writings made him one of the first internationally successful writers. Due to his beliefs and success, he was often risking censorship from the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napoleon (1769-1821)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napoleon was Emperor of France and King of Italy from 1804-1815, and expanded the French Empire to one of the largest empires of the world. Napoleon\u2019s Empire brought reforms to countries around the world, and his Napoleonic code has been introduced in legal institutions across innumerable countries. In a biography by Andrew Roberts, Napoleon, a Life <\/em>(2014), Napoleon codified and instituted legal and institutional systems around the world to such an extent that a similar change had not been seen since the Roman Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Scholasticism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scholasticism was a school of philosophy prominent during the Medieval period, from approximately 1100 to 1700. Scholasticism came to fruition in universities and monastic schools at the beginning of the 12th<\/sup> century and has been described to serve as less of a philosophy and more so a way to attain knowledge. One of the goals of Scholasticism was to search for ways in which various religious schools could live in harmony with their philosophical and theological differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Great Schism of 1054<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Great Schism of 1054 was a major break in tradition within the Catholic Church, which in turn led to a clear distinction between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Issues, and subsequent differences in practices between the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches had been the Filioque, the leavening of bread during the Eucharist, and perhaps most importantly, the question of papal authority across the globe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iconoclasm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iconoclasm was the belief that there was an importance in destroying religious monuments and icons, typically for reasons of a political or religious nature. Those who held to these beliefs were known as iconoclasts. Iconoclasts within society are often a fight between sectarian and spiritual groups, yet within Christianity, iconoclasts had been a battle between those strict adherents to Christianity and those that were not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentarchy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Pentarchy is a method of religious organization within the Eastern Orthodox Church, based on the legal codes of Roman emperor, Justinian I. Following the model of the Pentarchy the Church is governed by the five designated sees: Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Rome. While this concept of governance was accepted within the Eastern Orthodox Church, it was not accepted in the world outside the Eastern Orthodox world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Original Sin<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Original Sin is a theological concept in Christianity that every person is born with, and inherited,  sin from their ancestors, tracing all the way back to the \u201coriginal sin\u201d of Adam and Eve. This idea was first explored in depth by Augustine of Hippo. The idea of original sin that Augustine theorized would become consequential in the history of Christianity, and is a major force among both Lutherans and Calvinists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asceticism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asceticism is a term used to describe a certain lifestyle that adheres to a strict set of rules in order to pursue spiritual goals more fully. Asceticism has been practices by most all major world religions, and in Christianity was practiced in many monasteries as well as within small groups throughout the Middle East and Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edict of Milan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Edict of Milan was a letter written in 313 AD by emperors Constantine and Licinius, in order to publicly state the toleration of religion within the Roman Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methodism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methodism is the religious term used to group related religious denominations that adher to a Protestant, Wesleyan tradition. Methodism stresses the importance of sanctification, reject pre-ordination, and the importance of individual faith.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lutheranism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lutheranism is a branch of Protestant Christianity, one of the largest in fact, and follows the methods and teachings of Martin Luther, a 16th<\/sup> century reformer.  Luther, and Lutheranism subsequently, was the main catalyst for the Protestant Revolution. The Lutherans believed that the authority of the church did not lay in Rome, and most importantly perhaps that justification of faith was achieved through faith and grace alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Calvinism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Calvinism refers to a branch of Protestant Christianity in which Christians follow in the methods and tradition of John Calvin, a 16th<\/sup> century reformer. There are many different sets of beliefs under the umbrella of Calvinism. In Calvinism, predestination is a major belief, as well as what is known as the \u201cFive Points of Calvinism. These Five Points are mostly a summary of the Canons of Dort<\/em>, and are the concepts of Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and the Perseverance of the Saints.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Filioque<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Filioque is a clause that states that the Holy Spirit is contrived from both the Father and the Son. It was added to the Nicene Creed and helped create the major schism between Eastern and Western Christianity. In understanding and accepting, or rejecting, the Filioque has major consequences to the understanding of the Trinity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eucharist<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Eucharist is the name of the tradition in which Christian denominations eat leavened or unleavened bread (depending on the denomination) and drink a sip of wine, as a sacrament to God. The cracker represents the flesh and the wine represents the blood of Jesus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Council of Constantinople<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Council of Constantinople was a congregation of bishops in Rome in 381. The goal of the Council was to create a theological consensus among a host of issues. Some of those being the confirmation of the Nicene Creed, the shift of papal power from Rome to Constantinople.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Council of Ephesus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Council of Ephesus was a congregation of Bishops in Ephesus in 431. The Council condemned Nestorianism, affirmed hypostasis and affirmed that Jesus was one person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Council of Chalcedon<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Council of Chalcedon was a congregation of Bishops in Chalcedon in 451. It had the stated goal to affirm the reigning Catholic theology; it had also issued what was called the \u201cChalcedonian Definition,\u201d of which decreed that Jesus is both perfectly human and perfectly divine, at the same time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Council of Nicaea<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Council of Chalcedon was a congregation of Bishops in Nicaea in 325. The Council of Nicaea established the concept of the Trinity and the Nicene Creed. The Council also agreed on a universal date for Easter, and played a part in creating and executing early canonical law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hesychasm<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hesychasm is a term used to refer to a specific type of monastic spiritual living, where those that practive see to find total quietness, in order to pray and worship in a pure fashion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Homoousios\u00a0<\/strong>Homoousios is a term that was formulated at the First Council of Nicaea, the term describes the Trinity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Some terms in Early Christianity are interspersed throughout Pages 2 and 3, as they were complied before this page. However, most of the terms regarding Early Christianity can be found here!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gnosticism <\/strong>A theological (and heretical) movement within the Christina Church during the 2nd<\/sup> century. Gnosticism is essentially the belief the world has been created by a spirit of imperfection, and that the souls of humans are divine, trapped in the physical world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Codex Sinaiticus <\/strong>Also known as the \u201cSinai Bible,\u201d the Codex Sinaiticus is a handwritten Greek copy of the Christian Bible, written sometime during the 4th<\/sup> century. The Codex Sinaiticus is one of only four ancient copies of the book in Greek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eremetic monasticism <\/strong>A monasticism that involved the complete withdrawal of the individual from society. The name derives from St. Anthony of Egypt, who did exactly that; left civilization to live a solidary life in the Egyptian mountains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cenobitic monasticism <\/strong>A monasticism that highlights the importance of the community. This monasticism is newer than Eremetic monasticism, which was the first monasticism. This monasticism began in Egypt in Judaic form in Alexandria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miaphysite <\/strong>Those belonging to the doctrine of Miaphysitism, followed by the Oriental Orthodox Church. Miaphysitism rejects the wording of the Council of Chalcedon, they believe Christ is both fully human and fully divine. As time passed however, this difference became less theological and more semantic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theotokos <\/strong>Theotokos is the name used for the Mother of God, or Mary, in the Eastern Orthodox tradition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oecumenical Councils <\/strong>A series of meetings over the course of centuries held by leaders of the Christian faith, in order to reach a consensus and unify the Church. The Council of Nicaea was the first Oecumenical Counicl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ousia <\/strong>Ousia is the essential being and nature of an individual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prosopon <\/strong>Prosopon is an ancient Greek word which means the \u201cself-manifestation of an individual.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Physis <\/strong>A Greek Term which means nature. In Romans, Physis was used to refer to natural order, and Greek philosophers used the term to distinguish natural law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hypostasis <\/strong>The natural and intrinsic reality of a substance or individual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apostolic Succession <\/strong>In Christian philosophy and theology, Apostolic Succession refers to the unweathered transfer of authority from the Apostles to the Roman Catholic bishops. Protestants in large part deny this idea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Confessions <\/em><\/strong>The autobiography of Augustine; a collection of 13 books written between 397 and 400AD. From a theological perspective, Augustine writes about his thoughts on the nature of God, and the nature of evil. He also attempts to unify the story of Genesis with the doctrine of Catholicism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The City of God <\/em><\/strong>A book written by Augustine in 426AD. This book covered matters of philosophy and theology, and provided a counter-argument the the rise of Christianity was a major factor in the fall of Rome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prevenient Grace<\/strong> This is a theological concept in Christianity that God\u2019s grace precedes the decisions of individuals. This means in effect that God will show grace and love to individuals at a certain point in their time on Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Donation of Constantine <\/strong>The Donation of Constantine refers to the transfer of institutional power in Rome from the city of Rome and Western Rome to the Pope. The papacy used this declaration as precedent to prove political authority over European regions. Historians contest whether or not the official declaration was a forgery, or if it was still real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Magnificat <\/strong>Also known as  the Ode of the Theotokos, the Magnificat is a song prominent in church services of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. The Magnificat is one of the earliest Christian hymns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thecla <\/strong>Saint of the Christian Church during the 1st<\/sup> century. She was a follower of Apostle Paul and was a major actor in the Acts of Paul and Thecla<\/em>. As a female saint who had to baptize herself and preached to men, something women did not do, she was one of the earliest figures of female empowerment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cult of Saints <\/strong>The Cult of Saints was a religious movement that followed the dissolution of the Roman Empire, in which saints were venerated by those who worshipped. The religious movement would eventually lose steam by the time of the Protestant Reformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dyophysite <\/strong>Dyophysites are individuals who subscribe to the doctrine of Dyophysitism: that is the belief that Jesus Christ is both fully human and fully divine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charlemagne <\/strong>Charlemagne was Emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 800 to 814 and previously King of the Lombards and King of the Franks. He is perhaps best known for reuniting Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

False Decretals <\/strong>Collection of Christian legislation, laws, and decrees found in the 9th<\/sup> Century, many of which were found to be forged. The legacy of the False Decretals was not that the were used, but rather they set a precedent later or the Catholic Church to set its own religious and political policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joachim of Fiore <\/strong>Italian theologian and founder of San Giovanni in Fiore, a monastic institution. He is known for his Theory of the Three Ages, in which he relates the Trinity to historical eras. His ideas were inspiration to many subsequent movements, but his theories were argued against by Thomas Aquinas and condemned by the Church.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summa Theologica <\/strong>The magnum opus of Thomas Aquinas, and is considered one of his most influential and important works. It is an amalgamation of all the Catholic Church\u2019s main theology and teachings. Never finished, it is still one of the most influential works of Western literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foreknowledge <\/strong>The idea that God knows in advance who he will choose for admission into Heaven, therefore directing his grace to those chosen and opening their hearts to him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patriarchate <\/strong>Patriarchates are the designated jurisdiction of a Christian Patriarch, which governs where their jurisdiction lied. The five Patriarchs at the Council of Ephesus in 431; Alexandria, Antioch, Rome, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, are known as the pentarchy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trinity <\/strong>The Trinity is one of the foundational ideas in Christianity. It is the belief that God is of one being but three essences, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Understanding and interpreting the Trinity has historically been one of the most controversial areas of theological study within the Church.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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