{"id":62,"date":"2020-01-11T18:10:05","date_gmt":"2020-01-11T18:10:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/?p=62"},"modified":"2020-10-19T18:22:46","modified_gmt":"2020-10-19T18:22:46","slug":"the-second-revival-of-gaia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/01\/11\/the-second-revival-of-gaia\/","title":{"rendered":"The Second Revival of Gaia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">January\n11, 2020\/David P. Turner<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gaia was originally a figure from Greek mythology: the\nmother goddess who gave birth to the sky, the mountains, and the sea.&nbsp; Gaia was adopted by the Romans when they\nconquered the Mediterranean basin, but her myth was largely abandoned with the\nascendency of Christianity by the third century CE. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>first revival of Gaia <\/strong>was a product of the nascent\nEarth system science community in the 1970s.&nbsp;\nAtmospheric chemist James Lovelock was impressed by the finding of geologists\nthat life had persisted on Earth for over 3 billion years despite a 25%\nincrease in the strength of solar radiation (associated with an aging sun), and\nnumerous catastrophic collisions with asteroids.&nbsp; He also understood that the chemistry of the\natmosphere \u2212 which provides oxygen for animal respiration, protection from\ntoxic solar UV-B radiation, and influences the global climate \u2212 was maintained\nby the metabolism of the biosphere.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These observations led him to suggest that the Earth\nas a whole was in a sense homeostatic, it was able to maintain certain life\nenhancing properties in the face of significant perturbations.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In casting around for a name to give this organism-like version of the planet, he was inspired by author William Golding to revive the term <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=M_IIY6qgerY\">Gaia<\/a>.&nbsp; Lovelock and microbiologist Lynn Margulis went on to write many influential peer-reviewed papers, and later books, on Gaia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the 1990s, the question of what regulated the functioning\nof the Earth system had become of more than academic interest.&nbsp; Earth system scientists had observed that the\nEarth system was changing and begun to worry about possible impacts of those\nchanges on the human enterprise.&nbsp; Concentrations\nof greenhouse gases were rising, stratospheric ozone was declining, and a wave\nof extinctions was sweeping the planet.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Geoscientists were initially intrigued by the Gaia Hypothesis about planetary homeostasis, hoping perhaps that Gaian homeostasis might save us from ourselves.\u00a0 But by around 2000 they had largely <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioscience\/article\/55\/9\/799\/286141\">rejected Gaia as an entity<\/a>.\u00a0 Many of the feedbacks in the Earth system (see my <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/01\/10\/the-teleological-feedback\/\">Teleological Feedback<\/a> blog) were positive (amplifying climate change) rather than negative (damping), hence not contributing to homeostasis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>second revival of Gaia<\/strong> came predominantly from scholars in the humanities.&nbsp; Historians typically begin human history about 10,000 years ago when humans adopted an agricultural way of life.&nbsp; However, the discovery that humans have recently begun to alter the global environment on a geologic scale changes everything (as activist Naomi Klein says).&nbsp; The Earth system is no longer a benevolent background state that will provide a growing humanity with unlimited resources.&nbsp; Earth has a Gaian history that is now imposed upon by human history.&nbsp; The new field of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/david_christian_the_history_of_our_world_in_18_minutes\">Big History<\/a> aims to juxtapose the geologic and anthropocentric time frames.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Historians needed a term to evoke an Earth system that\nin a sense has its own agency, and scholars like science historian Bruno Latour\nand philosopher Isabelle Stengers settled on Gaia.&nbsp; They emphasized Gaia not as a nurturing\nmother, but rather a force that will smack humanity down if the current\ntrajectory of global environmental change continues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a recent hybrid interpretation, geoscientist Tim Lenton\nand humanities scholar Bruno Latour have dubbed the newly revived Gaia as <a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/361\/6407\/1066\">Gaia\n2.0<\/a>.&nbsp; This version refers to an Earth system on\nwhich a sentient species has evolved and begun to alter the planet but has collectively\ntaken on the project of developing an advanced technological civilization (a\ntechnosphere) that will live on the planet sustainably.&nbsp; That means comprehensive renewable energy, nearly\nclosed material cycling, conservation of biodiversity to support the background\nmetabolism of Gaia 1.0, implementation of multiple strategies to moderate\nclimate change, and forms of governance that facilitate self-regulation at\nmultiple scales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/01\/blog_fig-2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-115\" srcset=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/01\/blog_fig-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/01\/blog_fig-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/01\/blog_fig-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/01\/blog_fig-2-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/01\/blog_fig-2.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Gaia 2.0 is the combination of the pre-human Gaian Earth system and the recently emergent technosphere. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>January 11, 2020\/David P. Turner Gaia was originally a figure from Greek mythology: the mother goddess who gave birth to the sky, the mountains, and the sea.&nbsp; Gaia was adopted by the Romans when they conquered the Mediterranean basin, but &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/01\/11\/the-second-revival-of-gaia\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9521,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1390634],"tags":[1389469,1390502,1393894,888,1389001],"class_list":["post-62","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-short-form","tag-biosphere","tag-gaia","tag-gaia-2-0","tag-humanities","tag-technosphere"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Second Revival of Gaia - Taming the Technosphere<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/01\/11\/the-second-revival-of-gaia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Second Revival of Gaia - Taming the Technosphere\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"January 11, 2020\/David P. 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