{"id":261,"date":"2020-03-26T17:00:08","date_gmt":"2020-03-26T17:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/?p=261"},"modified":"2020-03-26T17:03:13","modified_gmt":"2020-03-26T17:03:13","slug":"ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/","title":{"rendered":"Ocean Photosynthesis May Be Decreasing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>My <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/01\/20\/land-photosynthesis-is-increasing\/\">previous\nblog post<\/a> noted that global land photosynthesis is clearly increasing\nin recent decades.&nbsp; However, when we turn\nto the ocean, the story is different (albeit more ambiguous).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>About half of global photosynthesis takes place in the\nocean.&nbsp; Much of the resulting biomass production\n(net primary production) is consumed, thus supporting a food web that includes large\nmarine animals like fish and whales.&nbsp;\nBillions of people eat wild caught ocean fish each day as a source of\nprotein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Photosynthesis in the ocean is frequently constrained\nby nutrient availability.&nbsp; Hence, areas\nwhere photosynthesis is high are often where upwelling brings nutrient-rich\ndeep water to the surface, or runoff from the land includes nutrients.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Earth system scientists now monitor global ocean photosynthesis using a combination of satellite remote sensing, direct measurements, and modeling.&nbsp; As always with global scale processes, there is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/272149526_Net_Primary_Production_in_the_Ocean\">significant uncertainty about the estimates<\/a> and some regions show increasing net primary production (NPP) while other regions show decreases.&nbsp; <a href=\"http:\/\/blueplanetsociety.org\/2016\/02\/whats-happening-to-oceans-phytoplankton\/\">Various studies have reached differing conclusions<\/a> about trends in the global total, but a recent study suggested that ocean NPP is in decline (1998 \u2013 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1.jpg 1707w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption> Figure 1.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4667\">Trend in ocean primary production<\/a>.&nbsp; Estimates are based on a biogeochemical model (coupled to a full ocean model) that assimilates ocean color satellite data.&nbsp;  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Oceanographers are beginning to get an understanding of what is driving the decline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A key factor appears to be reduced delivery of\nnutrients to the ocean\u2019s surface.&nbsp; The\ncauses are related to global warming, a process driven by rising concentrations\nof greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An important mechanism that is slowing delivery of nutrients to the surface ocean is an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2020\/01\/200130104932.htm\">increase in stratification<\/a> associated with the general warming of ocean surface waters.&nbsp; A cap of warm water tends to reduce vertical mixing, which in turn reduces recharge of surface nutrients from deeper waters where much decomposition and nutrient release takes place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-2-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-2.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption> Figure 2.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4667\">Trend in ocean mixed layer depth<\/a>.&nbsp; Estimates are based on a global physical three-dimensional model of the ocean driven by geophysical observations. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Another process related to nutrient supply involves\nthe cycling of water from the surface to the deep ocean and back to the surface\n(the thermohaline circulation).&nbsp; The\ndescending arm of this Earth-girdling loop of ocean circulation is based on\nwarm water brought north by the Gulf Stream.&nbsp;\nThat water cools, densifies, and sinks in the North Atlantic Ocean and\neventually returns to the surface elsewhere bringing with it nutrients from the\ndeep ocean.&nbsp; Recent measurements suggest\na <a href=\"https:\/\/www.yaleclimateconnections.org\/2019\/08\/video-the-north-atlantic-ocean-current-may-be-slowing\/\">weakening\nof that descending arm<\/a> cause by a freshening of North\nAtlantic waters driven mostly by melting of the Greenland ice cap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A decline in ocean photosynthesis \u2212 the base of the\nocean food chain \u2212 likely translates into <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/114\/8\/E1441\">lower fish production<\/a>.&nbsp; Fisheries all over the planet are already\nunder stress from many factors, not least of which is overharvesting.&nbsp; Ocean warming causes decline of coral (a\nsource of NPP), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/education\/resource-collections\/ocean-coasts-education-resources\/ocean-acidification\">ocean\nacidification<\/a> reduces NPP of calcifying plankton, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-ocean-is-running-out-of-breath-scientists-warn\/\">decreases\nin ocean oxygen<\/a> from reduced mixing and excess nutrient\nrunoff (coastal dead zones) force fish to migrate, and toxic waste inputs\n(including macro-, micro-, and nano- plastics) reduce feeding efficiency.&nbsp; After decades of fish harvest increases, the\nglobal catch peaked in the 1990s.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/116\/26\/12907\">Model-based projections\nof ocean animal biomass<\/a> suggest continuing declines with\nfurther ocean warming.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite the immensity of the ocean, human impacts on\nit are piling up.&nbsp; A <a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/364\/6444\/911\/tab-article-info\">new\nnarrative<\/a> about ocean management is needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We (<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/01\/10\/discovery-of-the-technosphere\/\">as\na part of the technosphere<\/a>) cannot directly change ocean\ncirculation in an attempt to restore declining primary production and fish\nproduction.&nbsp; We can only slow the\nemissions of greenhouse gases, which would slow global warming and its associated\nimpacts on ocean mixing and circulation.&nbsp;\nStabilizing, then reducing, the atmospheric CO<sub>2<\/sub> concentration\nwould also slow ocean acidification. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The time is now to support leaders who understand the\nrealities of global environmental change and are committed to working\ndomestically and internationally to implement policies that change the current\ntrajectory of the Earth system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>My previous blog post noted that global land photosynthesis is clearly increasing in recent decades.&nbsp; However, when we turn to the ocean, the story is different (albeit more ambiguous). About half of global photosynthesis takes place in the ocean.&nbsp; Much &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9521,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1390634],"tags":[1393918,1393923,1393920,1393916,1393921,1393915,1393922,1393917,1393919],"class_list":["post-261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-short-form","tag-mixed-layer-depth","tag-ocean-circulation","tag-ocean-fisheries","tag-ocean-net-primary-production","tag-ocean-oxygen","tag-ocean-photosynthesis","tag-ocean-plastics","tag-ocean-stratification","tag-thermohaline-circulation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ocean Photosynthesis May Be Decreasing - Taming the Technosphere<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Earth system scientists now monitor global ocean photosynthesis using a combination of satellite remote sensing, direct measurements, and modeling. One recent study concluded that total ocean NPP is in decline (1998 \u2013 2015). A key factor appears to be reduced delivery of nutrients to the ocean\u2019s surface. The causes are related to global warming, a process associated with rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ocean Photosynthesis May Be Decreasing - Taming the Technosphere\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Earth system scientists now monitor global ocean photosynthesis using a combination of satellite remote sensing, direct measurements, and modeling. One recent study concluded that total ocean NPP is in decline (1998 \u2013 2015). A key factor appears to be reduced delivery of nutrients to the ocean\u2019s surface. 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The causes are related to global warming, a process associated with rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.","og_url":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/","og_site_name":"Taming the Technosphere","article_published_time":"2020-03-26T17:00:08+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-03-26T17:03:13+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-1024x768.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"David Turner","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"David Turner","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/"},"author":{"name":"David Turner","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/#\/schema\/person\/726aa4cfbbbb981d2a393604b94c0588"},"headline":"Ocean Photosynthesis May Be Decreasing","datePublished":"2020-03-26T17:00:08+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-26T17:03:13+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/"},"wordCount":686,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-1024x768.jpg","keywords":["mixed layer depth","ocean circulation","ocean fisheries","ocean net primary production","ocean oxygen","ocean photosynthesis","ocean plastics","ocean stratification","thermohaline circulation"],"articleSection":["Short Form"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/","url":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/","name":"Ocean Photosynthesis May Be Decreasing - Taming the Technosphere","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/03\/26\/ocean-photosynthesis-may-be-decreasing\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/osu-wams-blogs-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com\/blogs.dir\/3635\/files\/2020\/03\/fig-1-1024x768.jpg","datePublished":"2020-03-26T17:00:08+00:00","dateModified":"2020-03-26T17:03:13+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/#\/schema\/person\/726aa4cfbbbb981d2a393604b94c0588"},"description":"Earth system scientists now monitor global ocean photosynthesis using a combination of satellite remote sensing, direct measurements, and modeling. 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