{"id":148,"date":"2020-01-20T22:17:06","date_gmt":"2020-01-20T22:17:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/?p=148"},"modified":"2022-05-17T21:22:43","modified_gmt":"2022-05-17T21:22:43","slug":"land-photosynthesis-is-increasing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/01\/20\/land-photosynthesis-is-increasing\/","title":{"rendered":"Land Photosynthesis is Increasing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n


January 20, 2020\/David P. Turner<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

An image of the global biosphere in\nwhich depth of greenness on land represents annual photosynthesis.  Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Natural Processes are\nSlowing the Accumulation of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere <\/strong>\u2212<\/strong> Strategic Land Management Could Boost That Trend<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As global climate warms in response to rising greenhouse gas\nconcentrations, various components of the Earth system are responding in ways that\namplify or suppress the rate of change. \nMost of these feedbacks<\/a>\nare positive (amplify warming).  However,\na natural negative feedback (suppresses warming) exists and it could be\naugmented by human actions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scientists generally agree that an increase in the\nconcentration of carbon dioxide (CO2<\/sub>) in the atmosphere,\nprecipitated by human activities, is a major driver of climate change.  Hence, any process induced by rising CO2<\/sub>\nand climate change in which less CO2<\/sub> is added to the atmosphere, or more\nCO2<\/sub> is removed from the atmosphere and sequestered, constitutes a\nnegative feedback to climate change.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most obvious and necessary negative feedback is a rapid\nreduction in fossil fuel emissions.  The\n2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change points to progress in that direction.  Unfortunately, fossil\nfuel emissions continue to rise<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research in Earth system science is examining the operation\nof another significant, but naturally occurring, negative feedback to climate change.  Observations suggest that the rising atmospheric\nCO2<\/sub> concentration and associated climate change is spurring carbon sequestration\nby the terrestrial biosphere.<\/strong>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Earth system scientists speak of the \u201ccarbon\nmetabolism<\/a>\u201d of the terrestrial biosphere, referring to the uptake of carbon\nby way of photosynthesis<\/a>\nand its release back to the atmosphere by way of respiration of plants,\nanimals, and microbes (Figure 1).  When\nphotosynthesis exceeds respiration, carbon is sequestered from the atmosphere.  A critical question concerns the degree to\nwhich humanity can purposefully augment this negative feedback and help slow\nclimate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 1.  The\natmospheric CO2<\/sub> concentration is a function of uptake by processes\nsuch as plant photosynthesis, and release by processes such as respiration and\ncombustion of fossil fuels.  Wikimedia\nCommons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Terrestrial Biosphere is Speeding\nUp<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laboratory and chamber studies show that plant photosynthesis is generally sped up, and drought stress is alleviated, as CO2 <\/sub>concentration increases.\u00a0 At the global scale, long-term observations are finding a trend of increasing global photosynthesis in recent decades as the CO2<\/sub> concentration in the atmosphere rises.\u00a0 The estimated increase is on the order of 30%<\/a> based on four independent lines of evidence<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terrestrial\nrespiration (see Figure 1) also appears to be increasing<\/a>, but at a slower\nrate.  The carbon mass difference between\nglobal photosynthesis and respiration is accumulating in the biosphere and\nhelping restrain growth of the atmospheric CO2<\/sub> concentration.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The dominant reservoir for sequestered carbon is most likely\nwood<\/a>.  Note that forests accumulate wood as they\nrecover from disturbances.  Thus, the\nterrestrial biosphere uptake or \u201csink\u201d for carbon is a function of both the\ndisturbance history of global forests and the stimulation of wood production by\nhigh CO2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One indication of an invigorated biosphere comes from\nobservations of the atmospheric CO2<\/sub> concentration at Mauna Loa Hawaii.  The iconic \u201cKeeling curve\u201d (Figure 2) shows\nan upward trend attributable mostly to fossil fuel emissions, and an annual\noscillation, which is attributable to terrestrial biosphere metabolism.  The annual drawdown in concentration is\ndriven by an excess of photosynthesis over respiration in the northern\nhemisphere spring, and observations of CO2<\/sub> in recent decades find a strengthening\nof that drawdown<\/a>.  Contributing\nfactors include a longer growing season, deposition of nitrogen from polluted\nskies (= fertilization), and CO2<\/sub> stimulation of growth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2.  Monthly mean atmospheric carbon dioxide at\nMauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (in red). \nThe black curve represents the seasonally corrected data. NOAA<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Increasing\ncarbon sequestration by the biosphere<\/a> is evident from the observation that\nthe proportion of human generated carbon emissions that stays in the atmosphere\n(the airborne fraction) has fallen in the last decade, despite the large upward\ntrend in fossil fuel emissions.  The\nairborne fraction was 44% for the 2008-2017 period, with the remainder of\nemissions accumulating on\nthe land (29%)<\/a> or in the ocean (22%). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Human Augmentation of Terrestrial Biosphere\nCarbon Sequestration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, we have a natural brake on the rising CO2<\/sub>\nconcentration.  And it is one that could\npotentially be augmented by human intention. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thus far, human land use impacts such as deforestation and\nagriculture have tended to decrease biosphere carbon storage.  However, there is a large potential<\/a> to\ndeliberately sequester carbon in terrestrial ecosystems by way of several\napproaches.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.  Expansion of the\nUN-REDD Programme (United Nations Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and\nForest Degradation).  REDD<\/a> consists of intergovernmental\nagreements that pay developing countries to protect forests.  The carbon benefit<\/a> is both in\nterms of reducing carbon emissions and maintaining carbon sinks.  Remote sensing is increasingly effective in monitoring\ncarbon stocks<\/a>.  Norway has begun to\nmake payments\nto Indonesia<\/a> for reducing rates of deforestation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.  Making land management decisions in the context of the whole suite of ecosystem services.  Carbon sequestration in biomass and soil is a climate related service<\/a> that compliments other services such as conservation of biodiversity<\/a>.  Management of both public and private land<\/a> could be shifted towards this comprehensive perspective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.  Planting trees \u2212\nsomething that can be done at the scale of a suburban back yard, whole urban\nareas, or regions (Figure 3).  Satellite-observed\ngreening in China<\/a> is attributed in part to large scale tree planting.  Trees affect the absorption and reflection of\nsolar radiation as well as the carbon balance, so care\nmust be taken about planning large scale plantings<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Figure 3.  Forests accumulate\nlarge stocks of carbon relative to other vegetation cover types.  Wikimedia Commons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These human-mediated carbon sinks will all benefit from high\nCO2<\/sub> impacts on biosphere metabolism. \nIn contrast, the impacts of continuing climate change \u2212 independent of\nCO2<\/sub> impacts \u2212 on these carbon sinks and on biosphere metabolism\ngenerally are difficult to anticipate.  At\nhigh latitudes, climate warming appears to be associated with vegetation\ngreening<\/a>.  In contrast, increased\nrates of disturbance in mid-latitudes<\/a> \u2212 such as climate warming\ninduced forest fire \u2212 may offset the strength of biosphere carbon sequestration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In an optimistic scenario, radically reduced fossil fuel emissions along with increased carbon uptake by the land and ocean will cause the atmospheric CO2<\/sub> concentration to peak within this century, leading to a gradual decline that is powered by biosphere sequestration (natural and augmented).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since we are already committed to significant climate\nchange, that CO2<\/sub> trajectory would still leave us with major \u2212 but\nhopefully manageable \u2212 adaptation challenges. \nA stabilized CO2 <\/sub>concentration, would also reduce the\npossibility that the Earth system will cascade through of series of positive feedback tipping\npoints<\/a>. \nThat scenario would take hundreds to thousands of years to play out but\nit could push Earth into a state threatening to even a well-organized,\nhigh-technology, global civilization.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

January 20, 2020\/David P. Turner An image of the global biosphere in which depth of greenness on land represents annual photosynthesis.  Wikimedia Commons Natural Processes are Slowing the Accumulation of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere \u2212 Strategic Land Management Could … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9521,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1390737],"tags":[1392382,1389469,717016,880,1391773,1391564,1391987,1392653],"class_list":["post-148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-long-form","tag-atmospheric-co2","tag-biosphere","tag-carbon-sequestration","tag-feedback","tag-global-carbon-cycle","tag-global-photosynthesis","tag-land-management","tag-negative-feedback"],"yoast_head":"\nLand Photosynthesis is Increasing - Taming the Technosphere<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/technosphere\/2020\/01\/20\/land-photosynthesis-is-increasing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Land Photosynthesis is Increasing - Taming the Technosphere\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"January 20, 2020\/David P. 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