{"id":25864,"date":"2025-08-01T20:33:11","date_gmt":"2025-08-01T20:33:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/?p=25864"},"modified":"2025-08-04T20:37:29","modified_gmt":"2025-08-04T20:37:29","slug":"contextualizing-oswald-wests-involvement-in-the-oregon-eugenics-movement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/2025\/08\/01\/contextualizing-oswald-wests-involvement-in-the-oregon-eugenics-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Contextualizing Oswald West\u2019s Involvement in the Oregon Eugenics Movement"},"content":{"rendered":"
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In the archival field, enhanced description practices support biographical work. This includes the ongoing News and Communication Services Records (RG 203)<\/a> biographies project that seeks to further facilitate access and searchability of former faculty, staff, and students through the identification of individuals listed in Series 4 of the collection through the addition of short biographies to the collection\u2019s finding aid. For each individual listed, the series contains biographical documents like resumes, newspaper clippings, and obituaries that include key points about an individual\u2019s life and career. These points are often references to an individual\u2019s positive contributions to society. As a result, the biographical documents, and biographical work these documents support, may overlook harmful causes that an individual supported or actively participated in. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is true of Oswald West, who served as the fourteenth governor of Oregon from 1911 to 1915. West did not attend nor work at Oregon State, but West Hall<\/a> (former women\u2019s residence hall and current Honors College Living-Learning Community) is named after him. RG 203 contains only one document related to West: a pamphlet advertising West Hall upon its construction in 1960. It reads:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Governor West\u2019s single term of office has been called the most colorful in Oregon\u2019s history\u2026 he laid plans for the state\u2019s present highway system. He pushed through the farsighted legislation providing for public ownership of Oregon\u2019s 400 miles of ocean beaches. He is responsible for the workmen\u2019s compensation law, funds for caring for homeless children and foundlings, creation of the State Board of Control, and other notable changes. Students of this and future generations who make West Hall their campus home may well be proud to live in a hall named for such a vigorous, courageous, dedicated leader as the Honorable Oswald West.1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

However, in performing routine research outside of SCARC\u2019s collections to write West\u2019s biography, I discovered that he was also a proponent of eugenics law in Oregon. More specifically, he passed Oregon\u2019s first forced sterilization law. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forced sterilization allowed physicians to sterilize patients without their consent, rendering the patient infertile. As a whole, sterilization laws were fundamentally Eurocentric and their racist foundations were concerned primarily with improving the white race by preventing the reproduction of individuals lawmakers saw as \u201cunfit\u201d to bear children.2<\/a><\/sup> In today\u2019s terms, the victims of forced sterilization laws in the twentieth century included people of color, the mentally and physically disabled, criminals, the impoverished, queer people, and sexually active women.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eugenics was amongst West\u2019s primary concerns during his term as governor. In his inaugural message to Oregon\u2019s legislative assembly in 1911, West wrote, \u201cDegenerates and the feeble-minded should not be allowed to reproduce their kind. Society should be protected from this curse.\u201d3<\/a><\/sup> He further wrote, \u201cThe State has been shocked by the recent exposures to degenerate practices\u2026 These degenerates slink, in all their infamy, through every city, contaminating the young, debauching the innocent, cursing the State.\u201d4<\/a><\/sup> West\u2019s proposed solution was the implementation of eugenics laws. \u201cSterilization and emasculation offer an effective remedy,\u201d he wrote. \u201cI would recommend, therefore, that a statute be enacted making it the duty of our State penal and eleemosynary [adjective: related to charity; charitable] institutions to report all apparent cases of degeneracy to the State Board of Health. It should be made the duty of the said board to cause investigation to be made and, if the findings warrant, to cause such operations to be performed as will give society the protection it deserves.\u201d5<\/a><\/sup> West launched a \u201ccrusade against vice\u201d in 1912 and thus urged the Oregon legislature to investigate \u201cdegeneracy.\u201d\u00a06<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

West was influenced by proponents of eugenics at the time. Bethenia Owens-Adair was a doctor and advocate for forced sterilization in Oregon. She authored and worked with Representative L. G. Lewelling to push a eugenics bill through the Oregon House of Representatives. On February 18, 1913, Governor West signed into law House Bill No. 69. The bill gave \u201cbroad powers to the state to sterilize citizens, regardless of the recommendations of medical, religious, and legal authorities.\u201d7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bill was signed into law in part due to the Portland Vice Scandal in 1912, which revealed a subculture for gay men in Portland, Oregon. The scandal \u201cled states throughout the Northwest to strengthen and expand sodomy laws and, in the 1910s and 1920s, to encourage Oregon, Washington, and Idaho to adopt Eugenics programs that prescribed the sterilization of sex offenders.\u201d8<\/a><\/sup> By 1913, \u201csodomy\u201d and the related phrase \u201ccrime against nature\u201d in Oregon encompassed a breadth of sexual activity that was not completely defined, but did include oral and anal sexual activity.9<\/a><\/sup> By categorizing these activities as sexual offenses, and by association, gay men and lesbian women as sex offenders, they were targeted as criminals. Moreover, the American Psychological Association \u201cconsidered gender and orientation variance a mental illness in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\u201d until 1987.10<\/a><\/sup> Therefore, members of the queer community were also targeted for forced sterilization because the state considered their identity to be a mental illness.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The 1913 bill went to referendum due to lobbying by the Oregon Anti-Sterilization League and did not pass. Thus, it was repealed before it went into effect.11<\/a><\/sup> The Oregon Anti-Sterilization League is credited for swaying public opinion on this vote. However, a new forced sterilization law was passed in 1917 by West\u2019s successor, Governor James Withycombe, who stated:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

I am more and more convinced that the reproduction of the mentally unfit is absolutely wrong. Through our shortsighted inaction we are populating our State with imbeciles and criminals, insuring ever-increasing public expense and opening the way for disease, sorrow and tragedy for generations yet unborn\u2026 To mend this situation, I earnestly urge the passage of a sane Sterilization Act.12<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Withycombe, while not included in the contents of RG 203, was involved with Oregon State prior to serving in the state government. In 1898, he joined the Oregon State staff as a professor of agriculture, and in 1908, was appointed Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. Withycombe Hall<\/a> is named after the fifteenth Oregon governor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The bill passed by Withycombe did not require a referendum and the state formed the Board of Eugenics. This board included superintendents from state institutions like the Oregon State Hospital, the Eastern Oregon State Hospital, the State Penitentiary, and the State Institution for the Feeble-Minded. The board reviewed quarterly reports of inmates recommended for forceful sterilization.13<\/a><\/sup> Inmates recommended for sterilization were those who were \u201cfeeble-minded, insane, epileptic, habitual criminals, moral degenerates, and sexual perverts. Habitual criminals were defined as those who have been convicted three times or more of a felony in any state, while moral degenerates and sexual perverts partly included homosexuals and promiscuous teenage girls.\u201d14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Initially, the law did not require consent from individuals recommended for forced sterilization, but in 1923, state legislature changed the process for sterilization so that, \u201cinmates and patients would be sterilized only if they consented or if a court determined that they should be forcibly sterilized.\u201d15<\/a><\/sup> Oftentimes, though, sterilization was used as a precondition for allowing individuals to leave state institutions. Thus, individuals often agreed to undergo sterilization if it allowed them their freedom. The statue was revised several more times through the twentieth century, stripping eugenic language and instead emphasizing prospective parents\u2019 inability to care for children in 1935, removing additional eugenic language in 1967, and limiting the class of state wards considered for sterilization to mental hospital inmates in 1970.16<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

State-sponsored eugenic sterilization ended in 1983.17<\/a><\/sup> From 1917 to 1983, over 2600 individuals were forced to endure sterilization in Oregon.18<\/a><\/sup> While SCARC does not hold records directly related to Oswald West\u2019s involvement in Oregon\u2019s eugenics movement, enhanced descriptions for collections like RG 203 can give a more nuanced and informed approach to studying him, especially given his relationship with Oregon State.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Grace Knutsen is the former lead student archivist at Special Collections and Archives Research Center. She is an Oregon State alumna and Master of Library and Information Science student.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

  1. News and Communication Services Records, 1940-2004, Special Collections and Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries, Series 4 Reel 2. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  2. Katherine N. Bush, \u201cOregon\u2019s Racial Purity Regime: The Influence of International Scientific Racism on Law Enforcement, Legislation, Public Health, and Incarceration in Portland, Oregon During the Victorian and Progressive Eras (1851-1917)\u201d (MA thesis, Portland State University, 2021), PDXScholar (5677). https:\/\/pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu\/open_access_etds\/5677\/<\/a>. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  3. Oswald West to the Twenty-Sixth Legislative Assembly Regular Session, 1911, \u201cInaugural Message, 1911,\u201d Oregon State Archives, https:\/\/records.sos.state.or.us\/ORSOSWebDrawer\/Record\/6777846\/File\/document<\/a>. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  4. West to the Twenty-Sixth Legislative Assembly. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  5. Ibid. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  6. George Painter, \u201cOregon Sodomy Law,\u201d Oregon Queer History Collective, accessed May 28, 2025, https:\/\/www.glapn.org\/6070sodomylaw.html<\/a>.\u00a0 \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  7. Josh Freeman, \u201cOregon Anti-Sterilization League,\u201d Oregon Encyclopedia, May 24, 2022, https:\/\/www.oregonencyclopedia.org\/articles\/oregon_anti-sterilization_league\/<\/a>. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  8. Peter Boag, \u201cPortland Vice Scandal (1912-1913),\u201d Oregon Encyclopedia, May 20, 2022, https:\/\/www.oregonencyclopedia.org\/articles\/portland_vice_scandal_1912_1913_\/#.XJHzxChKjIV<\/a>. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  9. Mark A. Largent, \u201c\u2018The Greatest Curse of the Race\u2019: Eugenic Sterilization in Oregon, 1909-1983,\u201d Oregon Historical Quarterly <\/em>103, no. 2 (2002): 196, https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20615229<\/a>. Painter, \u201cOregon Sodomy Law.\u201d \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  10. Julissa Coriano and Noah J. Duckett, \u201cIt Never Stopped: The Continued Violation of Forced, Coerced, and Involuntary Sterilization,\u201d Delaware Collective Against Domestic Violence, accessed June 11, 2025, https:\/\/dcadv.org\/blog\/it-never-stopped-the-continued-violation-of-forced-coerced-and-involuntary-sterilization.html<\/a> \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  11. Lutz Caelber, \u201cOregon\u201d, Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States, University of Vermont, accessed June 9, 2025.https:\/\/www.uvm.edu\/~lkaelber\/eugenics\/OR\/OR.html<\/a> \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  12. Paul A. Lombardo, \u201cRepublicans, Democrats, & Doctors: The Lawmakers Who Wrote Sterilization Laws.\u201d The Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics <\/em>51, no. 1 (2023): 123-130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jme.2023.47<\/a>. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  13. Caelber, \u201cOregon.\u201d \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  14. Lawrence, \u201cOregon State Board of Eugenics.\u201d \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  15. Largent, \u201c\u2018The Greatest Curse of the Race.\u2019\u201d \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  16. Ibid. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  17. Lawrence, \u201cOregon State Board of Eugenics.\u201d \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  18. Deborah Josefson, \u201cOregon\u2019s governor apologises for forced sterilisations.\u201d British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) <\/em>325 (2002): 1380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.325.7377.1380\/b<\/a>. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    In the archival field, enhanced description practices support biographical work. This includes the ongoing News and Communication Services Records (RG 203) biographies project that seeks to further facilitate access and searchability of former faculty, staff, and students through the identification of individuals listed in Series 4 of the collection through the addition of short biographies […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9435,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"[{\"id\":\"a8e129f4-14dd-4e2b-99bc-8eab50f81de5\",\"content\":\"News and Communication Services Records, 1940-2004, Special Collections and Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries, Series 4 Reel 2.\"},{\"id\":\"f234dafc-68ff-4695-907a-0893e3b50f23\",\"content\":\"Katherine N. Bush, \\u201cOregon\\u2019s Racial Purity Regime: The Influence of International Scientific Racism on Law Enforcement, Legislation, Public Health, and Incarceration in Portland, Oregon During the Victorian and Progressive Eras (1851-1917)\\u201d (MA thesis, Portland State University, 2021), PDXScholar (5677). https:\\\/\\\/pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu\\\/open_access_etds\\\/5677\\\/<\\\/a>.\"},{\"id\":\"d6ab5fdd-0c9c-46b3-ab07-00218fbfe024\",\"content\":\"Oswald West to the Twenty-Sixth Legislative Assembly Regular Session, 1911, \\u201cInaugural Message, 1911,\\u201d Oregon State Archives, https:\\\/\\\/records.sos.state.or.us\\\/ORSOSWebDrawer\\\/Record\\\/6777846\\\/File\\\/document<\\\/a>.\"},{\"id\":\"4d28fb43-b60a-4aaa-b1de-6c766a90b1c4\",\"content\":\"West to the Twenty-Sixth Legislative Assembly.\"},{\"id\":\"da0806b0-b360-464f-b4f7-b06bd468d519\",\"content\":\"Ibid.\"},{\"id\":\"144811ff-02f8-4714-a05f-9f65e5d6590c\",\"content\":\"George Painter, \\u201cOregon Sodomy Law,\\u201d Oregon Queer History Collective, accessed May 28, 2025, https:\\\/\\\/www.glapn.org\\\/6070sodomylaw.html<\\\/a>.\\u00a0\"},{\"id\":\"22582798-0a6c-4629-ad50-a2259934c1a0\",\"content\":\"Josh Freeman, \\u201cOregon Anti-Sterilization League,\\u201d Oregon Encyclopedia, May 24, 2022, https:\\\/\\\/www.oregonencyclopedia.org\\\/articles\\\/oregon_anti-sterilization_league\\\/<\\\/a>.\"},{\"id\":\"7e22a8c8-5c89-4e3e-8fa5-9717c6fc6587\",\"content\":\"Peter Boag, \\u201cPortland Vice Scandal (1912-1913),\\u201d Oregon Encyclopedia, May 20, 2022, https:\\\/\\\/www.oregonencyclopedia.org\\\/articles\\\/portland_vice_scandal_1912_1913_\\\/#.XJHzxChKjIV<\\\/a>.\"},{\"id\":\"8d7f9130-5dcb-487d-9f6b-7947c1d38204\",\"content\":\"Mark A. Largent, \\u201c\\u2018The Greatest Curse of the Race\\u2019: Eugenic Sterilization in Oregon, 1909-1983,\\u201d Oregon Historical Quarterly <\\\/em>103, no. 2 (2002): 196, https:\\\/\\\/www.jstor.org\\\/stable\\\/20615229<\\\/a>. Painter, \\u201cOregon Sodomy Law.\\u201d\"},{\"id\":\"659d3832-d591-43ce-9a19-8e19224f5989\",\"content\":\"Julissa Coriano and Noah J. Duckett, \\u201cIt Never Stopped: The Continued Violation of Forced, Coerced, and Involuntary Sterilization,\\u201d Delaware Collective Against Domestic Violence, accessed June 11, 2025, https:\\\/\\\/dcadv.org\\\/blog\\\/it-never-stopped-the-continued-violation-of-forced-coerced-and-involuntary-sterilization.html<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"33c87833-829f-4249-9da5-6b3083a974de\",\"content\":\"Lutz Caelber, \\u201cOregon\\u201d, Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States, University of Vermont, accessed June 9, 2025.https:\\\/\\\/www.uvm.edu\\\/~lkaelber\\\/eugenics\\\/OR\\\/OR.html<\\\/a>\"},{\"id\":\"830df108-525c-44ae-b7b0-fb77b01768f0\",\"content\":\"Paul A. Lombardo, \\u201cRepublicans, Democrats, & Doctors: The Lawmakers Who Wrote Sterilization Laws.\\u201d The Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics <\\\/em>51, no. 1 (2023): 123-130. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.1017\\\/jme.2023.47<\\\/a>.\"},{\"id\":\"b76263d7-03eb-4d33-96bc-613dc9c758fa\",\"content\":\"Caelber, \\u201cOregon.\\u201d\"},{\"id\":\"5d5ff6e8-cb5a-4fc0-afd2-cb90e9382469\",\"content\":\"Lawrence, \\u201cOregon State Board of Eugenics.\\u201d\"},{\"id\":\"acdd8a8f-4698-4ad9-83d1-d1ebee57bd47\",\"content\":\"Largent, \\u201c\\u2018The Greatest Curse of the Race.\\u2019\\u201d\"},{\"id\":\"923d7956-e83c-4dc2-a491-bd6d9380127e\",\"content\":\"Ibid.\"},{\"id\":\"1163c2b4-ae02-4e92-8ce0-fca557bf7837\",\"content\":\"Lawrence, \\u201cOregon State Board of Eugenics.\\u201d\"},{\"id\":\"a88e07d0-5d39-4e32-9a1f-9da3230742ef\",\"content\":\"Deborah Josefson, \\u201cOregon\\u2019s governor apologises for forced sterilisations.\\u201d British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) <\\\/em>325 (2002): 1380. https:\\\/\\\/doi.org\\\/10.1136\\\/bmj.325.7377.1380\\\/b<\\\/a>.\"}]","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1345951],"tags":[1345957],"class_list":["post-25864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-finding-aids","tag-reparative-description"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25864","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9435"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25864"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25864\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25871,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25864\/revisions\/25871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25864"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25864"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/scarc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25864"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}