{"id":118,"date":"2020-06-26T06:34:40","date_gmt":"2020-06-26T06:34:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/?page_id=118"},"modified":"2020-08-16T19:20:57","modified_gmt":"2020-08-16T19:20:57","slug":"whatsit","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/whatsit\/","title":{"rendered":"What’sIt!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Unit I – The Institutionalization of Christianity <\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Apostle – one of an authoritative New Testament group sent out to preach the gospel and made up especially of Christ’s 12 original disciples and Paul<\/li>
  2. Gnostic -“having knowledge” is a collection of ancient religious ideas and systems which originated in the first century AD among\u00a0early Christian and\u00a0Jewish sects.\u00a0These various groups emphasized personal spiritual knowledge over orthodox teachings, traditions, or the authority of the\u00a0church. <\/li>
  3. Codex Sinaiticus – “Sinai Bible” is one of the four\u00a0great uncial codices, ancient, handwritten copies of a Christian Bible in\u00a0Greek.<\/li>
  4. Bishop – is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight.<\/li>
  5. Pentarchy – a model of Church organization historically championed in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It was formulated in the laws of Emperor Justinian I (527\u2013565) of the Roman Empire.<\/li>
  6. Eremetic monasticism – \u00a0solitary monasticism, is characterized by a complete withdrawal from society.<\/li>
  7. Cenobitic monasticism – a monastic tradition that stresses community life.<\/li>
  8. Council of Nicaea – a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I.<\/li>
  9. Council of Ephesus – a council of Christian bishops convened in AD 431 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II<\/li>
  10. Council of Chalcedon – a church council held from 8 October to 1 November, 451, at Chalcedon. Its principal purpose was to assert the orthodox catholic doctrine against the heresy of Monophysitism and Eutyches<\/li>
  11. Council of Constantinople – a council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople in AD 381 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I<\/li>
  12. Miaphysite – Of or relating to the doctrine that in the person of Jesus there is either a single divine nature, or one inseparable nature, partly divine, and partly human; designating a Church professing this doctrine, or a person belonging to such a Church<\/li>
  13. Theotokos – title of Mary, mother of Jesus, used especially in Eastern Christianity<\/li>
  14. Patriarchate – designating the office and jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical patriarch.<\/li>
  15. Oecumenical – principle by Christians of different church traditions and denominations to develop closer relationships and better unity between other traditions and denominations of Christianity<\/li>
  16. Basilica (See pg. 197) – a rectangular chamber big enough to hold large numbers, with an entrance through one of the long sides to face the chair of the presiding magistrate or ruler, often housed in a semicircular apse in the other long wall. <\/li>
  17. Holy Sepulchre – a church in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The church contains, according to traditions dating back to at least the fourth century, the two holiest sites in Christianity: the site where Jesus was crucified and Jesus’s empty tomb, where he was buried and resurrected. <\/li>
  18. Ousia – used by various ancient Greek philosophers, like Plato and Aristotle, as a primary designation for philosophical concepts of essence or substance<\/li>
  19. Homoousios – describing Jesus as “same in being” or “same in essence” with God the Father.<\/li>
  20. Prosopon – the self-manifestation of an individual<\/li>
  21. Hypostasis – one of the three hypostases of the Trinity<\/li>
  22. Trinity – The Christian doctrine of the Trinity holds that God is one God, but three coeternal consubstantial persons or hypostases\u2014the Father, the Son , and the Holy Spirit\u2014as “one God in three Divine persons”<\/li>
  23. Christology – translated literally from Greek as “the study of Christ”<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

    Unit II – The Centralization of Authority & Development of Tradition<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Catholic – Greek phrase meaning “on the whole”, “according to the whole” or “in general”<\/li>
    2. Pope – the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church<\/li>
    3. Augustine of Hippo – known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian, philosopher, and the bishop of Hippo. His writings influenced the development of Western philosophy and Western Christianity, and he is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the Latin Church in the Patristic Period<\/li>
    4. Confessions<\/em> -is the acknowledgment of one’s sins <\/li>
    5. The City of God<\/em> – a book of Christian philosophy written in Latin by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD. The book was in response to allegations that Christianity brought about the decline of Rome and is considered one of Augustine’s most important works<\/li>
    6. Original Sin – also called ancestral sin, is a Christian belief in a state of sin in which humanity has existed since the fall of man, stemming from Adam and Eve’s rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.<\/li>
    7. Donation of Constantine – a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope.<\/li>
    8. Jerome – a Latin priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome. best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin and his commentaries on the Gospels<\/li>
    9. The Vulgate – a late-4th century Latin translation of the Bible. It was to become the Catholic Church’s officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible during the 16th century and is still used in the Latin Church alongside the Hebrew and Greek sources<\/li>
    10. Virgin Mary – the mother of Jesus, according to the canonical gospels and the Quran. The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament and the Quran describe Mary as a virgin<\/li>
    11. Saint – a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness or likeness or closeness to God<\/li>
    12. Asceticism – A hermitage can either be a place where a hermit lives in seclusion from the world, or a building or settlement where a person or a group of people lived religiously, in seclusion<\/li>
    13. Ascetic – characterized by or suggesting the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.<\/li>
    14. Monastic Rule – the Church law of the respective apostolic Christian churches that have forms of monastic living. The Christian monk embraces the monastic life as a vocation from God.<\/li>
    15. Schism – The Great\u00a0Schism\u00a0split the main faction of\u00a0Christianity\u00a0into two divisions, Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. Today, they remain the two largest denominations of\u00a0Christianity.<\/li>
    16. Dyophysite – one who maintains the Chalcedonian doctrine that full deity and full humanity exist in the person of Jesus Christ as two natures without confusion or change<\/li>
    17. Charlemagne – Charlemagne or Charles the Great, numbered Charles I, was the King of the Franks from 768, the King of the Lombards from 774, and the Emperor of the Romans from 800. During the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe<\/li>
    18. Mass – \u00a0the central act of worship of the Roman Catholic Church, which culminates in celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist<\/li>
    19. Sacrament – religious ceremony or ritual regarded as imparting divine grace, such as baptism, the Eucharist and penance and the anointing of the sick<\/li>
    20. Hildegard of Bingen – also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath. She is one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony, as well as the most-recorded in modern history<\/li>
    21. Joachim of Fiore – also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore, was an Italian theologian and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

      Unit III – Other Christianities<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. Muhammad – an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets<\/li>
      2. Islam – \u00a0Abrahamic monotheistic religion that teaches that Muhammad is a messenger of God<\/li>
      3. Umayyad – was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad<\/li>
      4. Abbasid – \u00a0was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad<\/li>
      5. Charles Martel – a Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death<\/li>
      6. Pact of Umar – an apocryphal treaty between the Muslims and the Christians of either Syria, Mesopotamia, or Jerusalem that later gained a canonical status in Islamic jurisprudence<\/li>
      7. Caliph\u00a0– the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517<\/li>
      8. Timothy I – Patriarch of the Church of the East from 780 to 823, is widely considered to be one of the most impressive patriarchs in the long history of the Church of the East as well as a Father of the Church<\/li>
      9. Justinian – \u00a0the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or “restoration of the Empire”<\/li>
      10. Hagia Sophia – \u00a0the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque and formerly the Church of Hagia Sophia, is a Late Antique place of worship in Istanbul<\/li>
      11. Iconoclasm – the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons<\/li>
      12. Iconophile – one who was looked at to revere icons, statues, or other specific icons as religious followings. <\/li>
      13. John of Damascus – a Christian monk and priest. Born and raised in Damascus c. 675 or 676, he died at his monastery, Mar Saba, near Jerusalem on 4 December 749<\/li>
      14. Pantocrator – In Christian iconography, Christ Pantocrator is a specific depiction of Christ. Pantocrator or Pantokrator, usually translated as “Almighty” or “all-powerful”, is derived from one of many names of God in Judaism<\/li>
      15. Trisagion – a hymn, especially in the Orthodox Church, with a triple invocation of God as holy.<\/li>
      16. Deification – \u00a0for Orthodoxy the goal of every\u00a0Christian. Man, according to the Bible, is ‘made in the image and likeness of God<\/li>
      17. Monotheletism – \u00a0the view that Jesus Christ has two natures but only one will.<\/li>
      18. Latreia – \u00a0used in Roman Catholic theology to mean adoration, a reverence directed only to the Holy Trinity. Latria carries an emphasis on the internal form of worship, rather than external ceremonies<\/li>
      19. Proskyn\u0113sis – an act of solemn expression of respect for the gods and people; among the Persian, it was that a man prostrated himself and kissed the earth, kissed the arms or legs of a respected person<\/li>
      20. Constantine and Methodius – Cyril and Methodius were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the “Apostles to the Slavs”. They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic<\/li>
      21. The Crusades – \u00a0a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The term refers especially to the Eastern Mediterranean campaigns in the period between 1096 and 1271 that had the objective of recovering the Holy Land from Islamic rule<\/li>
      22. Hesychasm – \u00a0type of monastic life in which practitioners seek divine quietness through the contemplation of God in uninterrupted prayer. Such prayer, involving the entire human being\u2014soul, mind, and body\u2014is often called \u201cpure,\u201d or \u201cintellectual,\u201d prayer or the Jesus Prayer<\/li>
      23. Great Papal Schism (1378 ce) – \u00a0a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and each excommunicated the other<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

        Unit IV – Christianity as Western Cultural Influence<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. Purgatory – \u00a0an intermediate state after physical death for expiatory purification.<\/li>
        2. Canon Law – \u00a0a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members<\/li>
        3. Transubstantiation – \u00a0the change of the whole substance of bread into the substance of the Body of Christ and of the whole substance of wine into the substance of his Blood<\/li>
        4. Vicar of Christ – “earthly representative of Christ”, but it’s also used in the sense of “person acting as parish priest in place of a real person.”<\/li>
        5. College of Cardinals – the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church<\/li>
        6. Nominalism – denies the existence of universals and abstract objects, but affirms the existence of general or abstract terms and predicates<\/li>
        7. Lollard\u00a0– a follower of the 14th century English religious reformerJohn Wycliffe. The Lollards believed that the church should aid people to live a life of evangelical poverty and imitate Jesus Christ<\/li>
        8. Hussite – \u00a0Czech pre-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus, who became the best known representative of the Bohemian Reformation<\/li>
        9. John Wyclif – an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford. He became an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is considered an important predecessor to Protestantism<\/li>
        10. Scholasticism – a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical method of philosophical analysis presupposed upon a Latin Catholic theistic paradigm which dominated teaching in the medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700<\/li>
        11. Septuagint\u00a0– a Greek version of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament), including the Apocrypha, made for Greek-speaking Jews in Egypt in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC and adopted by the early Christian Churches.<\/li>
        12. Erasmus – a Dutch philosopher and Christian scholar who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance. As a Catholic priest, Erasmus was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style<\/li>
        13. Reconquista – a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711, the expansion of the Christian kingdoms throughout Iberia, and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492<\/li>
        14. Inquisition – \u00a0group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy. The Inquisition started in 12th-century France to combat religious dissent, in particular the Cathars and the Waldensians<\/li>
        15. Excommunication\u00a0– act of religious censure used to end or at least regulate the communion of a member of a congregation with other members of the religious institution who are in normal communion with each other<\/li>
        16. Huldrych Zwingli – a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system<\/li>
        17. John Calvin – a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, aspects of which include the doctrines of predestination and of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation, in which doctrines Calvin was influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other Christian traditions<\/li>
        18. Institutes of the Christian Religion – John Calvin’s seminal work of systematic theology.<\/li>
        19. Reformed Protestantism – major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians<\/li>
        20. Magisterial Reformation – phrase that “draws attention to the manner in which the Lutheran and Calvinist reformers related to secular authorities, such as princes, magistrates, or city councils”<\/li>
        21. Radical Reformation – \u00a0a response to corruption both in the Catholic Church and in the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others.<\/li>
        22. Anabaptist – “one who baptizes again”. Their persecutors named them this, referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ, even if they had been baptized as infants<\/li>
        23. William Tyndale – an English scholar who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English, influenced by the work of Erasmus of Rotterdam and of Martin Luther.<\/li>
        24. Authorized Version – The King James Version, also known as the King James Bible, sometimes as the English version of 1611, or simply the Authorized Version, is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, commissioned in 1604 and completed as well as published in 1611 under the sponsorship of James VI and I.<\/li>
        25. Confessionalization (See pg. 639) – the parallel processes of “confession-building” taking place in Europe between the Peace of Augsburg and the Thirty Years’ War<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

          Unit V – Christianity Renewed<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          1. Ignatius Loyola – \u00a0venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Basque Catholic priest and theologian, who co-founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus and became its first Superior General at Paris in 1541<\/li>
          2. Society of Jesus\/Jesuits – \u00a0a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The members are called Jesuits<\/li>
          3. Spiritual Exercises – , composed 1522\u20131524, are a set of Christian meditations, contemplations, and prayers written by Ignatius of Loyola, a 16th-century Spanish priest, theologian, and founder of the Society of Jesus<\/li>
          4. Council of Trent – held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation<\/li>
          5. Catechism – a catechism promulgated for the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1992. It sums up, in book form, the beliefs of the Catholic faithful<\/li>
          6. Cardinal – is a leading bishop and prince of the College of Cardinals in the Catholic Church. Their duties include participating in papal consistories, and conclaves when the Holy See is vacant<\/li>
          7. Counter-Reformation – \u00a0was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. It began with the Council of Trent and largely ended with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648<\/li>
          8. Episcopate – office of a bishop<\/li>
          9. Congregationalism – Protestant churches in the Reformed tradition practicing congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs<\/li>
          10. Huguenots – \u00a0religious group of French Protestants. Huguenots were French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism<\/li>
          11. Quakers – \u00a0historically Christian denomination known formally as the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church<\/li>
          12. John Locke (See pg. 728) – \u00a0English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism.”<\/li>
          13. William Penn (See pg. 730) – the son of the admiral and politician Sir William Penn. Penn was a writer, early member of the Religious Society of Friends, and founder of the English North American colony the Province of Pennsylvania<\/li>
          14. Denomination – subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name, tradition, and identity. The term refers to the various Christian denominations<\/li>
          15. Pietism – movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life<\/li>
          16. Moravians – one of the oldest Protestant denominations in the world, dating back to the Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century and the Unity of the Brethren founded in the Kingdom of Bohemia<\/li>
          17. Interregnum – a period of discontinuity or “gap” in a government, organization, or social order. Archetypally, it was the period of time between the reign of one monarch and the next, and the concepts of interregnum and regency therefore overlap<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Unit I – The Institutionalization of Christianity  Apostle – one of an authoritative New Testament group sent out to preach the gospel and made up especially of Christ’s 12 original disciples and Paul Gnostic -“having knowledge” is a collection of … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10669,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-118","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10669"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=118"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":145,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/118\/revisions\/145"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.oregonstate.edu\/kevonfansler\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}